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Lactulose and furosine content could be used as heat treatment indicators in colostrum samples. Holder pasteurisation modified the immunological profile of both colostrum and mature milk.

24Resistance to gastrointestinal conditions is a requirement for bacteria to be 25 considered probiotics. In this work, we tested the resistance of six different Lactobacillus 26 strains and the effect of carbon source to four different gastrointestinal conditions: presence 27 of α-amylase, pancreatin, bile extract and low pH. Novel galactooligosaccharides 28 synthesized from lactulose (GOS-Lu) as well as commercial galactooligosaccharides 29 synthesized from lactose (GOS-La) and lactulose were used as carbon sources and 30 compared with glucose. In general, all strains grew in all carbon sources, although after 24 31 h of fermentation the population of all Lactobacillus strains was higher for both types of 32 GOS than for glucose and lactulose. No differences were found among GOS-Lu and GOS-33La. α-amylase and pancreatin resistance was retained at all times for all strains. However, a 34 dependence on carbon source and Lactobacillus strain was observed for bile extract and 35 low pH resistance. High hydrophobicity was found for all strains with GOS-Lu when 36 compared with other carbon sources. However, concentrations of lactic and acetic acid 37 were higher in glucose and lactulose than GOS-Lu and GOS-La. These results show that 38 the resistance to gastrointestinal conditions and hydrophobicity is directly related with the 39 carbon source and Lactobacillus strains. In this sense, the use of prebiotics as GOS and 40 lactulose could be an excellent alternative to monosaccharides to support growth of 41 probiotic Lactobacillus strains and improve their survival through the gastrointestinal tract. 42 43

ElsevierGamboa-Santos, J.; Montilla, A.; Carcel Carrión, JA.; Villamiel, M.; García Pérez, JV. (2014 were also experimentally determined. In order to describe the drying kinetics, a diffusion 20 model considering both convective transport and shrinkage was used. 21The increase in both the applied acoustic power and temperature gave rise to a