Abstract:The aim of this article is to analyse the social and political capacity of cities affected by cultural tourism. An investigation is carried out into the state of the situation in saturated destinations, the problems this poses to tourist sustainability and the positions of the various different interest groups. In Europe, many cultural cities-cum-tourist hotspots have reached such high levels of socio-political saturation that the resident population's capacity for carrying tourism has become overstretched. This has led to a state of irritation among the local population. Social movements now include this on their agenda but the various different interest groups (residents, political groups, entrepreneurs, management bodies) all react differently. We present data relating to the case of Barcelona, with analyses of residents' and tourists' opinions, the actions of social mobilization carried out by pressure groups, media repercussion and the reactions of the business sector and political groups. We examine data collected from surveys and opinions carried in the media. The sustainability and management of interests indicate changes in both the number and the type of tourists, the occupation of public spaces, the distribution of profit among entrepreneurs, residents and the political and economic model of society in the future.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the visitor-management tactics and strategies in World Heritage destinations. The Temples of Angkor (Cambodia) were selected as case studies. The analysis was carried out in two phases—before and after COVID-19. A qualitative methodology was used. Participant observation was employed for the pre-COVID-19 strategies, and recommendations of scholars and bodies responsible for tourism were the basis for the strategies proposed for the post-COVID-19 scenario. Grounded theory and the Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software were used. The results showed that the public health goal, together with its related strategies and tactics, should be added to the classic sustainability goals and the hard and soft strategies (physical, regulatory, and educational). It was also noted that new actors came into play—those responsible for public health. In conclusion, this new public health goal and its tactics will condition classic factors such as carrying capacity, and can conflict with goals such as the economic and social goals. The sustainability paradigm is maintained, but with the addition of risk society and the public health goal playing a key role.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la importancia del ámbito contextual además del individual en las investigaciones sociales, políticas o de otro tipo y el funcionamiento de la técnica multinivel para su aplicación. Explicamos la importancia de las técnicas multinivel y los distintos modelos que debemos de tener en cuenta para realizar los análisis y así poder explicar los efectos de las variables individuales, contextuales y finalmente los efectos aleatorios del nivel agregado (en este caso los países). Todo ello lo desarrollamos para cuando la variable dependiente es dicotómica. Ejemplificamos con el análisis de a un caso concreto, la confianza de los ciudadanos en exclusiva en el Banco Central Europeo.

The goal of this article is to analyse leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and health-driven motivations to engage in such activity among elderly people in the European Union. We use as a base the recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the theory of the correlation between physical activity according to individual factors (age, gender, socio-economic status) and contextual factors (habitat, community infrastructures, the model of the welfare state of the country of residence). Data are taken from Eurobarometer 88.4. The Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM) methodology was used, with the STATA program. The results show that 65.3% of EU citizens over the age of 60 engage in some form of LTPA, that 40.4% do so for health reasons, and that only 32.3% engage in LTPA that meets the minimum guidelines set by the WHO. In addition, there are large differences based on individual and contextual characteristics. The following group was found to be those who practice the most: men, with high socio-economic status, belonging to the middle and upper social classes, living in rural areas where there is infrastructure for physical activity, and above all, in the countries of the Nordic model of social welfare.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la percepción de los residentes sobre el overtourism en Barcelona y el perfil de los ciudadanos que creen que el turismo no beneficia a su ciudad. También analizamos los motivos que alegan y lo que se publica en los medios de comunicación. Para ello nos basamos en un diseño de triangulación concurrente con análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. El 16 % de la población considera que el turismo no beneficia a la ciudad. Los motivos más importantes para declarar que el turismo no es beneficioso para la ciudad son de tipo ético, social y económico: la masificación, el incivismo de los turistas, la gentrificación y la pérdida de esencia de los barrios. Estos aspectos negativos son la razón para manifestarse públicamente contra dicho turismo y reclamar un turismo responsable.