No abstract

Son bien conocidos los altos índices de consumo de alcohol en nuestro país (EDIS, 2001; Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, 2001), debido a la alta disponibilidad de esta sustancia y favorecidos por su amplia aceptación social, cultural e incluso religiosa. Igualmente son conocidos los graves daños y riesgos (de salud, familiares, judiciales, laborales...) que consumos excesivos de alcohol pueden provocar. En este sentido hay que indicar que en determinados tipos de trastornos, tanto físicos como psíquicos, cualquier ingesta de alcohol se considera de riesgo.Los efectos del alcohol en el organismo son diferentes e incluso opuestos dependiendo de la dosis, y por lo tanto diferentes sus efectos en el comportamiento exhibido y las contingencias medioambientales que se producen, tanto en episodios puntuales como en patrones de consumo establecidos a lo largo de meses y años. Por ejemplo, pequeñas cantidades de alcohol durante las comidas no son perjudiciales para la ingestión de alimentos -existen investigaciones que afirman que tienen efectos cardiosaludables (Klatsky, 1999)-y sin embargo, grandes cantidades reducen el apetito y tienen efectos perjudiciales sobre el organismo. Por otro lado, dosis moderadas de alcohol producen cierta desinhibición conductual, mientras que dosis elevadas provocan sedación o por el contrario comportamientos agresivos. En resumen, peque-RESUMEN El principal objetivo de este artículo es el análisis psicológi-co, desde una perspectiva conductual, de las diferentes estrategias de autocontrol implicadas en los distintos abordajes terapéuticos (abstinencia total, bebida controlada y reducción de daños y riesgos) en el abuso y dependencia del alcohol. Este análisis teórico y de reflexión clínica se realiza atendiendo a recientes investigaciones sobre el Aprendizaje animal y humano, aplicado a la práctica clínica de la adicción al alcohol. Sugerimos la necesidad de una mayor flexibilidad respecto a la inclusión de las diferentes alternativas en el tratamiento, teniendo en cuenta los objetivos terapéuticos del propio paciente. Por otra parte, asumimos que la bebida controlada y las intervenciones en reducción de daños y riesgos parten de los mismos principios, en cuanto a la modificación de los parámetros de respuesta de consumo y conductas asociadas, aunque tengan diferente finalidad: el consumo moderado y controlado en un caso y la reducción de daños y riesgos en otro. Palabras clave: Aprendizaje asociativo, alcohol, autocontrol, bebida controlada y moderada, reducción de daños y riesgos, toma de decisiones. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this article is the psychological analysis, from a behavioural perspective, of the different selfcontrol strategies involved in the various therapeutical approaches (total abstinence, controlled drinking and damage and risk reduction) in alcohol abuse and dependence. This theoretical and clinical reflection analysis is carried out taking into account recent research into animal and human learning applied to the clinical practice of alcoholism. We suggest the need f...

Telecare is a type of information and communication technology (ICT) that provides help to dependents, especially older adults, by providing access to teams of professionals who can attend to the client's needs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year via a telephonic network. Previous studies have shown that design and motivational factors are related to use of telecare by older people. In this study, we examined how sociodemographic, motivational, design, cognitive, and attitudinal factors are related to telecare device use. A questionnaire and the state-trait anxiety inventory were administered to a sample of 96 telecare users. The results showed that factors related to the vocabulary of the telecare device interface, discomfort caused by the pendant device during the night, attitudinal factors, situational anxiety, and the anxious personality trait are predictors of whether or not a person will use the telecare device. . He has extensive experience in the field of technology and the elderly, especially in issues related to ergonomics and the dependent elderly. He also has published several scientific papers related to psychological factors that explain the use of telecare devices. J.M. Ojel-Jaramillo Romero et al.José Juan Cañas Delgado received his BA in Psychology from the University of Granada, Spain, and PhD in Experimental Psychology from the University of South Florida, USA. He is currently a Professor of Ergonomics at the University of Granada. His teaching and research activities have been focused on the psychological aspects of the interaction between humans and artefacts. He has conducted research projects on mental models, complex and dynamic problem solving and psychological aspects of interface design for the disabled. He has published several books on ergonomics, and his research has been published in prestigious journals such as International Journal of Human-Machine Studies, or Ergonomics.Antonio Cándido Ortiz is a Professor of Psychology, an expert on motivation, emotion and associative learning and teaches at the University of Granada. Research belongs to the CTS 176 of the Department of Experimental Psychology and Physiology, dedicated to studying human learning. Currently, he coordinates the excellence research project on the determinants of risk behaviour in driving scenarios. He also participates in various research projects focusing on associative learning and motivational and emotional aspects of substance addiction. He is a member of the Association for Psychological Science and The Spanish Association of Experimental Psychology.