The largest numbers of the Brazilian traditional upland rice varieties are found in the Maranhão state, Northeast region of Brazil. However, no information is available on the diazotrophic bacterial population associated as well as the plant growth promoting potential when these traditional genotypes are inoculated with native strains. Here, we evaluated the response of ten traditional rice varieties to inoculation with ten diazotrophic strains, previously isolated from rice soil of this region and screened for their ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro. The procedure for selection of the best diazotrophic strain/rice variety interaction involved three steps: gnotobiotic conditions, soil pot and field experiments. The gnotobiotic experiment showed that the Azospirillum amazonense strain AR3122 increased the biomass of the traditional varieties Cana Roxa and Cana Forte (28 and 48%, respectively) while this effect was less evident for the other combination of strains/rice varieties. The soil pot experiment showed that the combination of Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain AR 1122 and traditional variety Arroz 70 was superior to the other strains/varieties and the treatment fertilized with 100 kg N ha −1. The best performance of the Burkholderia vietnamiensis strain AR1122/variety Arroz 70 was confirmed in the field experiment. There was an increase of up 10 and 29% in the grain yield in comparison to both the N fertilization and Herbaspirillum seropedicae ZAE 94 strain treatments, respectively. In contrast, the response of the commercial variety Bonanç a to inoculation with strain AR1122 was much lower, suggesting that a biofertilizer inoculation program for traditional rice varieties should consider the genetic interaction between strain and rice variety. The diazotrophic B. vietmaniensis strain AR1122 was a good biofertilizer candidate for inoculation of traditional rice varieties and therefore should be used for further studies to confirm the strain-genotype effect envisaging a sustainable rice crop system mainly in the Northeast region of Brazil.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contaminação e o potencial para síntese de aflatoxinas pelos isolados do grupo Aspergillus flavus em grãos armazenados de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.), que foram produzidos com distintos procedimentos de calagem, de colheita e de secagem. Para isto, foram avaliadas doze amostras de grãos de amendoim, cv. Botutatu, provenientes de plantas cultivadas em área que recebeu ou não a aplicação de calcário, colhidas aos 104, 114 e 124 dias após a semeadura e secas em condições ambientais e em estufa. Aos 12 e 18 meses de armazenamento, os grãos foram tratados com hipoclorito de sódio e incubados em BDA, a 20°C, por cinco dias. As espécies do grupo Aspergillus flavus foram identificadas após incubação em meio ADM. Posteriormente, o potencial toxígeno foi avaliado pelo método da cromatografia de camada delgada. A análise da freqüência de fungos revelou que os grãos de amendoim armazenados estavam contaminados por Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. e Fusarium spp. Os grãos de amendoim, provenientes da colheita antecipada, apresentaram maior contaminação pelo grupo Aspergillus flavus, sendo menor a proporção destes com potencial toxígeno.
RESUMOObjetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a germinação e o vigor das sementes de arroz inoculadas com bactérias diazotróficas. Foram instalados dois experimentos, sendo que no primeiro o delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, com dois lotes de sementes arroz da cultivar IC4440 x 10 tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados pela inoculação com oito estirpes de bactérias diazotróficas (AR1122, M130, BF1358, ZAE94, AR3122, AR2112, CD e BR2113), bem como pelo recobrimento das sementes com a turfa umedecida com o meio de cultivo esterilizado e pelas sementes não inoculadas. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, com dois lotes de sementes recém-colhidas das cultivares IR42 e Zebu Branco x oito tratamentos, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados pela inoculação das sementes com seis estirpes de bactérias diazotróficas (BF1358, AR3122, AR1122, ZAE94, M130 e AR2112), bem como pelo recobrimento das sementes com a turfa umedecida com o meio de cultivo esterilizado e pela não realização do procedimento de inoculação. As bactérias AR1122, M130, BF1358, ZAE94 e AR3112 podem ser selecionadas para formular inoculante para sementes de arroz. A inoculação com as bactérias diazotróficas aumenta a velocidade de germinação das sementes das cultivares IR42 e Zebu Branco, com menor contaminação por fungos. Termos para indexação:Oryza sativa, inoculante, bioestimulante. ABSTRACTThe objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigour of rice seeds affected by inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria. Two experiments were conduced. In the first one, a completely randomized design with four replications arranged in a factorial scheme (2 lots x 10 treatments) was used. For this, rice seeds of cultivar IC4440 were inoculated with eight strains of diazotrophic (AR1122, M130, BF1358, ZAE94, AR3122, AR2112, CD e BR2113), submitted to coating with peat soil humidified with a sterile medium and not inoculated. In the second study, a completely randomized design with four replications arranged in a factorial scheme (2 lots x 6 treatments) was used. For this, recently harvested seeds of cultivars IR42 and Zebu Branco were inoculated with six strains (BF1358, AR3122, AR1122, ZAE94, M130 e AR2112), submitted to coating with peat soil humidified with a sterile medium and not inoculated. The bacteria AR1122, M130, BF1358, ZAE94 and AR3112 can be selected for inoculation of rice seeds. The inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria increases the speed of germination of rice seeds of cultivars IR42 e Zebu Branco, with low contamination by fungi.
RESUMO -O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos procedimentos de incubação e de desinfestação usando hipoclorito de sódio no desenvolvimento de fungos em teste de sanidade de sementes de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.). Foram realizados dois experimentos com dois lotes da cultivar Botutatu. No primeiro experimento, as sementes foram divididas em duas amostras, sendo uma imersa previamente em hipoclorito de sódio. A incubação destas foi realizada em meio agarizado (BDA, CZ) e em folhas de papel (sobre e em rolo), com ou sem restrição hídrica. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram imersas em hipoclorito de sódio a 1, 2, 3 5 e 10%, por um, três, cinco e dez minutos e, posteriormente, foram incubadas em BDA. Os métodos de incubação em meio agarizado com restrição hídrica propiciaram maior recuperação de Aspergillus spp e de Cladosporium spp. nas sementes de amendoim sem desinfestação prévia. Houve menor ocorrência de Rhizopus spp. e Aspergillus niger nas sementes desinfestadas, independente do período de embebição e da concentração de hipoclorito de sódio.Termos para indexação: Arachis hypogaea L., hipoclorito de sódio, restrição hídrica, Aspergillus spp.. SANITARY QUALITY EVALUATION AND MOLD GROWTH ON PEANUT SEEDSABSTRACT -The objective was to evaluate the effect of desinfection using sodium hypochloride and incubation procedures on the mold growth in the health test of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds. Two experiments were carried out with two lots of cv. Botutatu. In the first experiment, the seeds were divided into two samples and one was submitted to immersion in sodium hypochloride. The incubation was realized in agar medium (PDA, CZ) and paper towel (blotter test and rolled paper), with or without water restriction. In the second experiment, the seeds were submitted to immersion in sodium hypochloride at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10%, for one, three, five and ten minutes and they were incubated in PDA. The incubation methods in agar medium with water restriction promoted the highest recovery of Aspergillus spp. and Cladosporium spp. in the peanut seeds that had not been submitted to previous desinfection. Thef Rhizopus spp. and group Aspergillus niger incidence was lower in the disinfected seeds, regardless of the immersion period or sodium hypochlorite concentration.
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