SPE Members Abstract A pipe viscometer facility was constructed to investigate the flow of oil-water dispersions in horizontal pipes. Pressure drop, liquid mass flow rate, mixture temperature, Pressure drop, liquid mass flow rate, mixture temperature, input water fraction, and mixing intensity data were obtained for 490 oil-water tests. Mixture velocities ranged from 2.5 to 15.5 ft/sec, while input water fractions ranged from 0.0 to 0.35. Mixture temperatures ranged from 60 degrees F to 90 degrees F. A refined oil with a viscosity of 85 cp at 80 degrees F was used. Data analysis showed that when the phase inversion point was reached, mixture viscosities were considerably higher than the viscosities for single-phase oil. Also, the frictional pressure gradients were found to be strongly dependent on whether oil or water was the continuous phase of the dispersions. phase of the dispersions. A model was developed for the prediction of the oil-water mixture frictional pressure gradient in horizontal pipes. The model assumes homogeneous flow and a power-law rheological behavior for the dispersion. The application of the model to the design of a non-Newtonian pipeline system is also presented. Introduction Of all the multiphase flow phenomena encountered in pipeline operations, one of the most common but least pipeline operations, one of the most common but least understood phenomena is the flow behavior of two immiscible liquids, particularly oil and water. The accurate prediction of apparent viscosity of an oil-water mixture is needed because this value is very crucial in evaluating the frictional pressure drop for pipeline design purposes. The increased difficulty is because oil-water purposes. The increased difficulty is because oil-water mixtures exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behavior. Thus, their apparent viscosities cannot simply be calculated using standard weighted mixing rules. The most widely recognized rheological model, which can approximately describe the flow behavior of an oil-water mixture system, is called the "power-law "model. The "power-law" stress-strain relationship can be expressed as: (1) If n' is equal to unity, the equation will describe the Newtonian behavior, and K' will be equal to the constant viscosity,. For a typical oil-water system, n' will usually be less than unity, and Eq. (1) will describe pseudoplastic behavior (shear thinning). It is also possible for an oil-water system to have n' greater than unity, resulting in dilatant behavior (shear thickening). This paper investigates the behavior of hydrodynamically stable dispersions of an oil-water system flowing in a horizontal pipe. The study involves gathering experimental pipe flow data of dispersions at different water fractions. The behavior of the apparent mixture viscosity as a function of flow rate, temperature, water fraction, and droplet size of the dispersed phase is studied, and the relative importance of various parameters that affect the dispersion inversion point is determined. A model is proposed for the design of a non-Newtonion pipeline system. This model is based upon the two major pipeline system. This model is based upon the two major assumptions that the flow pattern is homogeneous, and the rheological behavior obeys the "power-law" model. The appropriate scale-up procedure is also suggested for a proper extrapolation of non-Newtonian experimental data proper extrapolation of non-Newtonian experimental data acquired in small-diameter pipes to full-scale pipeline conditions. PREVIOUS STUDIES PREVIOUS STUDIES Most oil-water flow studies have been devoted to development of methods for pipeline transportation of heavy crude oils. The introduction of water into a heavy-oil pipeline usually results in one of the following configurations;a mixture of oil droplets finely dispersed in water,a stratified oil-water system, P. 427

This study compares the fundamental spray characteristics, such as penetration depth, droplet diameter, velocity, and volume flux of, biodiesel and diesel as well as their blends. Liquid jet is injected into an air crossflow with a speed of 58 m∕s. A series of experimental tests covering Weber numbers from 29-82, and momentum flux ratios from 10-133, are conducted using the shadowgraph method and phase Doppler particle analyzer. The shadowgraph images are processed to find the penetration depth and to investigate different regimes of breakup. The phase Doppler particle analyzer is used to capture droplet size distribution, velocity, and volume flux. The results differ remarkably in terms of breakup regimes and trajectory for biodiesel blends, which may be due to the high viscosity of biodiesel in comparison to diesel. For example, at a Weber number of 80, some bag breakups are observed on the biodiesel jet against the expectation that, at this Weber number, most of the liquids experience atomization mode.

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ResumenLas estrategias de post inyección han sido parte activa de las soluciones utilizadas en la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes de los motores Diesel en la última década. Multitud de autores han estudiado sus efectos a lo largo de estos últimos años. El presente trabajo parte de una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura existente, de donde se puede concluir que la mayoría de los estudios realizados se enmarcan en un plano tecnológico en donde la reducción de hollín por parte de las estrategias de post inyección se revela como uno de los resultados más relevantes. Este enfoque deja en cierta medida de lado una visión más científica del asunto. Con el fin de paliar esta limitación se define como objetivo principal de la presente tesis el contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los fenómenos físicos involucrados en los procesos de combustión y formación de hollín con el uso de estrategias de post inyección.Para la consecución del objetivo marcado se ha estructurado el estudio en dos etapas en las que se han utilizado de manera conjunta fuentes de información tanto experimental como teórica. En una primera etapa se ha realizado un estudio exploratorio de los efectos del uso de las estrategias de post inyección sobre los procesos de combustión y emisiones tras el que aparecen dos fenómenos relevantes: por un lado una aceleración de la fase final del proceso de combustión y, por otro lado, una aparente desconexión entre la combustión de la inyección principal y la del pulso post que se ha dado en llamar como fenómeno de llama partida y a partir del cual se pueden explicar de manera sencilla las emisiones finales de hollín.En una segunda etapa se ha profundizado en cada uno de los fenómenos anteriormente mencionados encontrando de especial relevancia para la explicación física del fenómeno de aceleración de la combustión los efectos de mejora inducidos en el proceso de mezcla durante el transitorio inicial del proceso de inyección, así como los efectos de la temperatura sin quemar al final del proceso de inyección del pulso post y el ratio entre la duración de la inyección y el tiempo aparente de combustión como parámetros físicos que regulan las emisiones de hollín asociadas al fenómeno de llama partida. ResumLes estratègies de post injecció han sigut part activa de les solucions utilitzades en la reducció de les emissions contaminants del motors Diesel en la última dècada. Multitud d'autors han estudiat els seus efectes al llarg d'aquestos últims anys. El present treball parteix d'una revisió bibliogràfica de la literatura existent, de la que es pot concloure que la majoria dels estudis realitzats s'emmarquen en un plànol tecnològic en el que la reducció de sutge per part de les estratègies de post injecció es revela com un dels resultats més rellevants. Aquest enfocament deixa en certa mesura de costat una visió més científica de l'assumpte. Amb la finalitat de pal·liar aquesta limitació es defineix com objectiu principal de la present tesis el contribuir a una millor comprensió dels fenòmens físics invol...

The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) defines the competences for professional practice of a Telecommunications Engineer. The School of Telecommunication Engineering of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain) provides an integrated education program consisting of  a Graduate (GITST) + Master (MUIT). The GITST course offers four specialization tracks: Electronics, Telematics, Communication Systems and Multimedia for the proper acquisition of knowledge and competences of the future Telecommunications Engineers. In 2018, the graduate program has implemented a structural change in the organization of subjects for reinforcing important skills, in which a course on digital electronics design and verification (Integration of Digital Systems, ISDIGI) has been transformed into a core subject of the study plan. In this paper, we describe the methodology and adaptation of ISDIGI (i.e. a project-based learning intermediate HDL course that includes design and verification abilities) to the new GITST Curriculum. In addition, this paper describes the process of moving from specialized to core subject.