The bullying phenomenon has been simplified and studied primarily from a psychological perspective. In this study, the phenomenon of bullying was examined by analyzing the joint influence of sociocultural factors such as gender stereotypes, sexism, and attitudes toward sexual and cultural diversity on bullying participation as a bully and a bully follower. Participants were 1,165 Spanish and Portuguese adolescents with a mean age of 14.64 years. The hierarchical linear regression model reveals that bullies are less expressive and more instrumental, they hold more hostile sexist and less benevolent sexist attitudes, more negative attitudes toward homosexuality and more positive ones toward lesbianism, as well as more negative behavior toward gender nonconforming people, and more negative attitudes toward cultural diversity. With the exception of expressiveness and negative attitudes toward cultural diversity, these variables also explain participation as a bully follower. Implications for the development of educational policies and practices of bullying prevention are discussed.

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Objectification of the female body is generating much research. Nevertheless, this has revealed little about whether women’s evaluations depend on the level of psychological intimacy with the perpetrator of that objectification. Intimacy theory predicts that objectifying comments would seem more acceptable coming from a close partner, especially for sexist women. The present study begins to fill these gaps by analyzing responses from 301 heterosexual/bisexual adult women in the United States (Mage = 37.02, range = 18–72) to appearance and sexual body comments made by four different male perpetrators: strangers, colleagues, friends, or partners. Measures assessed women’s perceptions of objectification, as well as reported enjoyment of these comments. As long as they were not negative, comments from heterosexual partners were perceived as the least objectifying and enjoyed the most; comments from colleagues, strangers, and friends were linked with greater objectification and less enjoyment. Additionally, sexist attitudes toward men and women—but more clearly toward men—linked with objectification and enjoyment. Future research directions and practical implications are discussed.

ResumenEste estudio pretende analizar el interés situacional y personal hacia la Física, establecer en qué medida ambos resultan afectados por dos estrategias docentes (ofrecer posibilidades de elección en clase y explicitar la relevancia de los contenidos) y determinar el grado en que estrategias e interés influyen sobre la implicación, la desafección y el rendimiento. Participaron 430 estudiantes de segundo curso del Bachillerato científico-tecnológico (52.4% chicas). Los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales confirman las hipótesis: el interés personal y el situacional se ven potenciados por estas dos estrategias docentes; además, ambos tipos de interés y las estrategias favorecieron la implicación y el rendimiento académico, protegiendo a los alumnos frente a la desafección. Los efectos mediados entre las variables evaluadas también fueron significativos.Palabras clave: Interés personal y situacional, posibilitar la elección, promover la relevancia, implicación académica, desafección. AbstractThis study aims to analyze situational and personal interest in Physics, to establish how both are affected by two instructional strategies (provide choice opportunities and explicit the relevance of contents), and to determine how strategies and interest influence on engagement, disaffection, and performance. Participants were 430 students from second grade of the scientific-technologic baccalaureate (52.4% girls). Structural equation models corroborated the hypotheses: situational and personal interest where improved by these two instructional strategies; furthermore, both modalities of interest and teaching strategies enhanced engagement and performance, protecting students from disaffection. Mediated effects between assessed variables were also significant.

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