A pterosaur bone bed with at least 47 individuals (wing spans: 0.65–2.35 m) of a new species is reported from southern Brazil from an interdunal lake deposit of a Cretaceous desert, shedding new light on several biological aspects of those flying reptiles. The material represents a new pterosaur, Caiuajara dobruskii gen. et sp. nov., that is the southermost occurrence of the edentulous clade Tapejaridae (Tapejarinae, Pterodactyloidea) recovered so far. Caiuajara dobruskii differs from all other members of this clade in several cranial features, including the presence of a ventral sagittal bony expansion projected inside the nasoantorbital fenestra, which is formed by the premaxillae; and features of the lower jaw, like a marked rounded depression in the occlusal concavity of the dentary. Ontogenetic variation of Caiuajara dobruskii is mainly reflected in the size and inclination of the premaxillary crest, changing from small and inclined (∼115°) in juveniles to large and steep (∼90°) in adults. No particular ontogenetic features are observed in postcranial elements. The available information suggests that this species was gregarious, living in colonies, and most likely precocial, being able to fly at a very young age, which might have been a general trend for at least derived pterosaurs.

ResumoO geoturismo é um segmento das geociências e do turismo que vem sendo amplamente utilizado como ferramenta de educação informal e sua implantação em áreas urbanas tem sido alvo de grande interesse, já que a maior parte das populações atualmente concentra-se nas cidades. Esta discussão propõe que a essência do geoturismo é a educação científica e a conscientização ambiental e que entre os resultados deste processo, quando implantado de modo consistente, estão a evolução cultural e o desenvolvimento de ações de geoconservação. Como agente multiplicador desta difusão geocientífica, o geoturismo urbano pode atingir mais indivíduos com maior rapidez e eficiência, por isso poderá funcionar também como um elemento de conexão para o geoturismo em áreas naturais e, ainda, servir de suporte para análises culturais e históricas dos municípios. Palavras-chave: geoturismo urbano; geoconservação; educação; cultura AbstractGeotourism is a segment of the geosciences and tourism that has been widely used as an informal educational tool, and its use in urban areas is becoming more and more attractive as the world's population is becoming increasingly urban. This paper postulates that the essence of geoturism is scientific education and environmental awareness, and that among the results of its consistent practice are cultural evolution and the development of actions aiming at conservation. Acting as a multiplying agent for this geoscientific spreading, urban geotourism can reach more individuals quicker and more efficiently; as a result of this, it may also function as an element of connection for geotourism in natural areas, and also serve as a basis for cultural and historical analyses of towns and cities.

This paper presents results of SEM and EDS study in some Brazilian gemstones. Emerald from Campos Verdes (GO) contains several mineral inclusions as talc, dolomite, chromite, pyrite, magnetite, etc. Sylvite crystals was firstly identified by SEM/EDS. These salt inclusions suggest percolation of K-bearing fluids during emerald crystallization. Emerald from Campos Verdes present higher concentration of Cr+3 in the outer green zones than in the inner colourless zones, showing that ion is a chromophore in this gemstone. SEM and EDS results combined with optical microscopy analyses demonstrate that amethyst from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS) contain needle-like inclusions of goethite and not cacoxenite and rutile as suggest by other workers. By these techniques it was possible to identify pyrolusite and hollandite as late minerals inside agate and quartz geodes from RS. SEM and EDS data of corundum from Barra Velha (SC) show that silk effect is produced by diaspore inclusions. These techniques also reveal that the asterism in this corundum is produced by empty needle-like channels instead of the presence rutile inclusions as commonly observed in other worldwide deposits. Rounded zircon inclusions are common in corundum from Indaiá, Palmeiras, Caputira and Campo Belo (MG). Sillimanite and/or kyanite inclusions in corundum crystals of secondary deposits from Indaiá suggest a metamorphic origin to this gemstone. Corundum from Caputira also contains several rounded rutile inclusions, which are diagnostic for this occurrence.

RESUMO:Geodiversidade é uma nova abordagem ambiental que vem sendo utilizada na compreensão das relações entre homem e território e refere-se aos elementos abióticos que compõem o meio ambiente. Rochas são a expressão mais evidente dessa geodiversidade e seu aproveitamento como material nobre em arquitetura e engenharia civil remonta às primeiras construções humanas. São um reflexo da geodiversidade disponível numa região e imprimem nos cenários construídos uma característica particular de identidade cultural. Cemitérios são um universo que possibilita o entendimento do mundo dos vivos ao longo das diferentes épocas em que foi utilizado e o Cemitério Municipal de Curitiba é o mais antigo do município, recebendo visitação de pesquisadores e interessados nos aspectos arquitetônicos, históricos, artísticos e sociológicos. Esta proposta apresenta a geodiversidade deste cemitério como uma leitura sobre a evolução no uso de materiais líticos pela sociedade curitibana. As rochas registradas são mármores importados e nacionais, granitos do Paraná e São Paulo, e rochas negras como diabásio e gabro. Outras rochas estão presentes em menor quantidade e apresentam variedade de procedências. A proposição de tombamento deste cemitério como bem cultural vem recebendo aporte de várias pesquisas e, entre elas, este levantamento é um subsídio para este processo. Palavras-chave: CEMITÉRIO, GEODIVERSIDADE, TÚMULOS, CURITIBAABSTRACT: GEODIVERSITY IN CURITIBA MUNICIPAL CEMETERY AS CULTURAL ELEMENT IN HERITAGE ANALYSIS. Geodiversity is a new environmental approach that has been used to understanding the relations between man and territory and refers to the abiotic elements that form the environment. Rocks are the most obvious expression of this geodiversity and their use as noble material in architecture and civil engineering dates back to the first human constructions. It's a reflection of geodiversity available in a region and print in the constructed scenarios a particular characteristic of cultural identity. Cemeteries are a universe that allows the understanding of the world of the living along the different periods in which it was used and the Curitiba Municipal Cemetery is the oldest of the city, receiving visiting researchers and those interested in architectural, historical, sociological and artistic features. This proposal introduces geodiversity of this cemetery as an approach on the evolution about uses of lithic materials by Curitiba society. Rocks registered are imported and national marbles, granites from Paraná and São Paulo, and black rocks like diabase and gabbro. Other rocks are present in smaller quantities and variety of sources. The proposition of having this cemetery as cultural object has been receiving funding from various surveys and, among them, this research is a subsidy for this process. Keywords: CEMETERY, GEODIVERSITY, TOMBSTONES, CURITIBA INTRODUÇÃONo silêncio do campo santo mais antigo de Curitiba, entre múltiplas formas de construções tumulares, elementos arquitetônicos reiteram na cidade dos mortos o ...

Enquanto na América Espanhola os conquistadores já encontraram ouro quando chegaram, no Brasil os minérios não foram encontrados imediatamente. Os primeiros registros, em torno de 1570, apontam a região de Paranaguá, Guaraqueçaba e Cananéia, na capitania de São Vicente, como as primeiras minas cartografadas no novo território português. Até a descoberta dos garimpos de Vila Rica em Minas Gerais, em torno de 1680, a produção de ouro, que nunca chegou a ser grande, foi totalmente concentrada na Capitania de São Vicente, no território que hoje é o Paraná. Muitas vilas e cidades devem sua fundação aos eventos de mineração dessa época. Com o início do ciclo do ouro em Minas Gerais, uma forte migração aconteceu, deslocando grandes contingentes da população e relegando a região do Paraná ao abandono. Apesar das graves conseqüências sociais e econômicas dessa mudança, é possível traçar a relevância da atividade mineradora para o Paraná durante o século XVII. A presença dos garimpeiros como catalisadores de povoamento e domínio territorial é ressaltada. Além disso, sua capacidade de prospecção de minérios abriu caminho para futuras minerações sistemáticas. A experiência de aprendizagem de quase um século fez do Paraná uma espécie de protótipo para que se desenvolvesse a tecnologia necessária a se aplicar em outras regiões. PARANÁ’S MEANING IN THE XVII TH CENTURY BRAZILIAN MINING HISTORY Abstract Differently from Hispanic America, where conquerors found gold as they arrived, in Brazil the first signs of alluvial occurrences only appeared in Paranaguá, Guaraqueçaba and Cananéia, in the Captaincy of São Vicente in the 1570s. Until new placers settled in Vila Rica, Minas Gerais in 1680, the reduced gold production in the Portuguese America was restricted to the territory that now corresponds to the Sate of Paraná, where a number of villages and towns spread around mining nuclei. By the beginning of the 18th Century, the migration flow of adventurers and prospectors had already shifted to the hinterlands of Minas Gerais and Goiás, where production was more intense. The former 17th Century represented a cycle of prosperity in Paraná, and gold exploitation was exclusively alluvial. The main nuclei of pioneers, at first Paranaguá, Guaraqueçaba, and later Morretes, Porto de Cima and São João da Graciosa, seem to have been settled by hunters of slaves in their dreams of fast enrichment. Other nuclei were present westward over Serra do Mar Range, namely São José dos Pinhais, Curitiba, Ferraria, Bateias and Ouro Fino. Exploitation was in almost all cases related to secondary deposits. It was in Bateias and Ferraria that exploitation from outcropping quartz veins began. There, mining works such as reject piles underwent tailing production much later in the 20th Century. Placering seems to have never been totally abandoned, as occasional miners are still found in Guaraqueçaba and in the surroundings of Paranaguá. In spite of the discontinuing shock, the relevance of that period cannot be minimised, for the search for metals and enrichment brought about the progress seed to the mining areas as the presence of miners catalysed land occupation. In some cases, indicators left by the first prospectors were later incorporated into the systematic work of mining companies. Of no lesser importance is the fact that the experience gained by pioneers was important for the discovery and exploitation of new resources in Minas Gerais and Goiás. It took them a century of experience to develop the prospection technology necessary.