No abstract

In this paper we present results of delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) and computational hydroacoustics (CHA) simulations of a marine propeller operating in a cavitation tunnel. DDES is carried out in both wetted and cavitating conditions, and we perform the investigation at several propeller loadings. CHA analyses are done for one propeller loading both in wetted and cavitating conditions. The simulations are validated against experiments conducted in the cavitation tunnel. Propeller global forces, local flow phenomena, as well as cavitation patterns are compared to the cavitation tunnel tests. Hydroacoustic sources due to the propeller are evaluated from the flow solution, and corresponding acoustic simulations utilizing an acoustic analogy are made. The propeller wake flow structures are investigated for the wetted and cavitating operating conditions, and the acoustic excitation and output of the same cases are discussed.

The acoustic characterization of fluid machines, e.g., internal combustion engines, compressors, or fans is of great importance when designing the connected duct systems and its silencers. For machines connected to large ducts where also the non-plane wave range is important, for instance large diesels and gas turbines, a suitable way to characterize the source is to determine the sound power under reflection free conditions. For the low frequency plane wave range in-duct sound power can be measured with the widely used two microphone method. The goal of this study is to investigate how, starting from the two-microphone approach, a suitable wall mounted microphone configuration can be defined and used to estimate the propagating in-duct sound power also beyond the plane wave range. For this purpose an acoustic source test-rig was built and numerical simulations were also conducted. The in-duct sound power from monopole, dipole, and quadrupole source types was determined using twelve wall mounted microphones and cross-spectra averaging methods. The in-duct results were compared against sound power measured using the reverberation room method (ISO 3741). Based on the simulations and the experimental results the best microphone positions and weighting factors were determined.

Knowledge of the acoustic source characteristics of internal combustion engines (IC-engines) is of great importance when designing the exhaust duct system and its components to withstand the resulting dynamic loads and to reduce the exhaust noise emission. Number of studies has been published earlier on the low frequency in-duct exhaust noise of high speed engines. The goal of the present study is to investigate the medium speed IC-engine acoustic source characteristics numerically and experimentally not only in the low frequency -plane wave range but also in the high frequency range. The low frequency acoustic source characteristics were predicted by simulating the acoustic multi-load measurements using a one-dimensional process simulation code. The engine model used in the one-dimensional process simulations was validated with measurements. In this study, it is shown that the low frequency in-duct exhaust noise of a medium speed IC-engine can be predicted quite accurately by using a onedimensional process simulation code. The high frequency source data is estimated by averaging the measured acoustic pressures with different methods. According to this study, using the simple cross spectra averaging method instead of two microphone method to estimate the induct downstream acoustic power of medium speed IC-engine exhaust noise seems promising. The simulation of the high frequency exhaust noise is beyond this study.

To achieve reliable results when simulating the acoustics of the internal combustion engine (IC-engine) exhaust system and its components, the source characteristics of the engine must be known. In the low frequency range only plane waves propagate and then one-port source data can be determined using, for example, the acoustic multiload method. For the medium speed IC-engines used in power plants and ships, the exhaust duct noise often needs to be analyzed up to 10 kHz, i.e., far beyond the plane wave range, and it is then more appropriate to use acoustic power to characterize the source. This power should ideally be measured under reflection-free conditions in the exhaust duct. The results from an earlier study showed that a suitable way to characterize the source for any frequency is to determine the in-duct sound power by extending the plane wave formulation with frequency band power weighting factors. The aim of this study is to apply this high frequency range method in situ to a real test engine. Another aim is to define, theoretically, how to combine the source data in the low frequency plane wave range with those in the high frequency nonplane wave range using a source sound power formulation.