Background:The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of different ultrasonic scalers and a periodontal curette on the root surfaces for calculus removal and root surface roughness.Materials and Methods:40 single rooted teeth with subgingival calculus destined for extraction were assigned to one of three experimental groups (n = 10, in each group) and one control group (untreated, n = 10). Experimental groups were: Group 1: Piezoelectric ultrasonic group; Group 2: Magnetostrictive ultrasonic group; Group 3: Hand instrumentation group (Curette). After instrumentation, the teeth were extracted and the presence of residual deposits and root surface roughness were analyzed using Planimetric analyzing tool (Tool that measures the area of a plane figure as a mechanically coupled pointer traversing the perimeter of figure) and Surface Profilometer (Instrument used for profiling of an object). Root surface characteristics were evaluated qualitatively using SEM. Standardization of force, angulations and adaptation of instrument couldn’t be achieved in our study due to in vivo study design rather than in vitro design in previous studies where procedure was done on the extracted teeth samples.Results:The results of the study showed that residual deposits were similar in all experimental groups. With respect to roughness parameters, Rq (Root mean square roughness) and Rt (Total roughness) a significant difference was observed (P < 0.001) among hand instrumentation and ultrasonic devices. SEM analysis revealed a similar root surface pattern for the ultrasonic devices, but curette showed many instrument scratches, gouges, and removal of large amount of cementum.Conclusions:Curette produced the rougher root surfaces than two ultrasonic devices used in the study and caused more root surface removal. Piezoelectric devices produced minimum root surface roughness but caused more root substance removal and more cracks than Magnetostrictive ultrasonic devices.

Identification of the factors that regulate immune tolerance and control the appearance of exacerbated inflammatory conditions is crucial for the development of new therapies of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Resolution of inflammation and the return of tissues to homeostasis protect us against excessive tissue injury and promote the restoration of function and structure. Resolution of inflammation, which was considered a passive event, is actually an active process where new families of endogenous lipid mediators from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in removing proinflammatory mediators generated from arachidonic acid. These chemical mediator families, termed Resolvins and Protectins, are potent stereoselective agonists that control the duration and magnitude of inflammation, along with the Lipoxins as signals in resolution. This review examines the mapping of these circuits and recent advances in our understanding of the biosynthesis and actions of these novel proresolving lipid mediators. A search in the electronical databases PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was carried out. The search strategy applied was: “Omega fatty acid” AND “resolution of inflammation,” including articles from January 1,1985 to October 2009. This resulted in the identification of a total of 52 articles, which were analyzed in full text leading to consideration of only nine full texts.

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