A highly significant association exists between DI and CVMI. Mandibular second molar DI stages are reliable indicators of skeletal maturity.

In recent years, research and development of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained momentum. However, the inherent issues of high-temperature stability and hysteresis have constrained the device from commercial feasibility. Researchers have proposed different electron transport layer (ETL) based PSCs to minimize the aforesaid issues. Recently, reduced cerium oxide/[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (CeOx/PCBM ETL) based PSC device is developed with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.85% and improved stability. In the present work, CeOx/PCBM ETL based PSC device is simulated and calibrated to provide the scope for further improvement in terms of the overall conversion efficiency of the device. The device is further optimized by parametric variation such as doping and thickness of CeOx/PCBM ETL layers. The optimized device with added carbon nanotubes CNTs (to enhance moisture stability) is employed in the monolithic tandem solar cell, and the efficiency potential of a monolithic, hysteresis and moisture free perovskite/crystalline silicon heterojunction (c-Si HJ) tandem solar cell is investigated. Silicon-based, i.e. hydrogenated p-type microcrystalline silicon oxide (µc-Si1−xOx:H) and hydrogenated n-type amorphous silicon tunnel junction (TJ) is used to model the TJ between two diodes. Comprehensive analysis and optimization of the tandem device are done in terms of optical and electrical performance with different thicknesses of perovskite and c-Si. The tandem device proposed in this work yielded a maximum PCE of 23.08%.

Objective:To determine the prevalence of tooth size discrepancy (TSD) in a representative orthodontics population, to explore how many millimeters of TSD is clinically significant and to determine the ability of simple visual inspection to detect such a discrepancy.Materials and Methods:The sample comprised 150 pretreatment study casts with fully erupted and complete permanent dentitions from first molar to first molar, which were selected randomly from records of the orthodontic patients. The mesiodistal diameters of the teeth were measured at contact points using digital calipers and the Bolton's analysis was carried out on them. Simple visual estimation of Bolton discrepancy was also performed.Results:In the sample group, 24% of the patients had anterior tooth width ratios and 8% had total arch ratios greater than ±2 standard deviation (SD) from Bolton's means. For the anterior analysis, correction greater than ±2 mm was required for 24% of patients in the upper arch or 14% in the lower arch. For the total arch analysis, correction greater than ±2 mm was required for 36% of patients in the upper arch or 32% in the lower arch.Conclusion:Bolton's analysis should be routinely performed in all orthodontic patients and the findings should be included in orthodontic treatment planning. 2 mm of the required tooth size correction is an appropriate threshold for clinical significance. Visual estimation of TSD has low sensitivity and specificity. Careful measurement is more frequently required in clinical practice than visual estimation would suggest.

This paper proposes a simple and practical approach to model the uncertainty of solar irradiance and determines the optimized day-ahead (DA) schedule of electricity market. The problem formulation incorporates the power output of distributed solar photovoltaic generator (DSPVG) and forecasted load demands with a specified level of certainty. The proposed approach determines the certainty levels of the random variables (solar irradiance and forecasted load demand) from their probability density function curves. In this process of optimization, the energy storage system (ESS) has also been modeled based on the fact that the energy stored during low locational marginal price (LMP) periods and dispatched during high LMP periods would strengthen the economy of DA schedule. The objective of the formulated non-linear optimization problem is to maximize the social welfare of market participants, which incorporates the assured generation outputs of DSPVG, subject to real and reactive power balance and transmission capability constraints of the system and charging/discharging and energy storage constraints of ESS. The simulation has been performed on the Indian utility 62-bus system. The results are presented with a large number of cases to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the efficient, economic and reliable operation of DA electricity markets.