VB cannot replace FB as the gold standard for detecting tracheobronchomalacia in children. However, VB could be considered as an alternative diagnostic modality in children with symptoms suggestive of tracheobronchomalacia where FB is unavailable. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:480-486. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

SummaryThe 'scimitar sign' on plain chest radiograph is most commonly attributed to the presence of a scimitar vein, which is a variant of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVD). An anomalous unilateral single pulmonary vein (AUSPV) is a very rare anomaly, albeit benign, which can also present with the scimitar sign. Despite a similar radiographic appearance, these two anomalies have very different prognostic implications. Moreover, differentiation between the two is important in the paediatric population to prevent unnecessary investigations. We present two paediatric patients who presented with the scimitar sign on plain chest radiograph, with one having PAPVD and the other having AUSPV, and provide a review of the literature on AUSPV, an anomaly which most likely shares a similar pathogenesis to the scimitar vein of PAPVD.

We describe a case of bilateral inhalation of barium in an infant following a barium swallow for investigation of dusky spells associated with feeds. A bronchoscopy subsequently revealed the presence of a mid-tracheal tracheo-esophageal cleft. To date, little has been reported on barium aspiration in children and there is no consensus for management. We review the literature on barium aspiration, its consequences, and make recommendations for management.

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