Solar energy is regarded as the finest clean and green energy generation method to replace fossil fuel-based energy and repair environmental harm. The more expensive manufacturing processes and procedures required to extract the silicon utilized in silicon solar cells may limit their production and general use. To overcome the barriers of silicon, a new energy-harvesting solar cell called perovskite has been gaining widespread attention around the world. The perovskites are scalable, flexible, cost-efficient, environmentally benign, and easy to fabricate. Through this review, readers may obtain an idea about the different generations of solar cells and their comparative advantages and disadvantages, working mechanisms, energy alignment of the various materials, and stability achieved by applying variable temperature, passivation, and deposition methods. Furthermore, it also provides information on novel materials such as carbonaceous, polymeric, and nanomaterials that have been employed in perovskite solar in terms of the different ratios of doping and composite and their optical, electrical, plasmonic, morphological, and crystallinity properties in terms of comparative solar parameters. In addition, information on current trends and future commercialization possibilities of perovskite solar have been briefly discussed based on reported data by other researchers.

Facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of nanorice-like TiO 2 for an efficient dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) ABSTRACT. Highly crystalline TiO 2 powder consisting of morphologically rice-like nanoparticles is synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process using a premixture of titanium isopropoxide, ethanol and aqueous ammonia. An efficient mechanism decoupling hydrolysis and condensation promotes the formation of a rice-like morphology. As the average particle size and BET properties of nanorice-like TiO 2 were found to be quite similar to a commercially available TiO 2 (Degussa P25), their photoelectric properties were compared as a DSSC electrode. Under 1 sun irradiation the photovoltaic efficiency of nanorice-like TiO 2 was measured to be c. 20% higher in contrast to the mediocre efficiency (~5.45%) of P25. We suggest that together with a generally exploited reference, such nanorice-like TiO 2 could also be adopted as a model material for various applications.

Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have turned a new horizon in energy research due to their widespread exploration over two decades by improving efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, and easy process than inorganic‐based solar cells. The major challenges are metal complexes on designing the cells and sustainability implications for further rapid expansion due to its toxicity. To overcome the problems associated with metal complexes, the dyes are extracted from bionatural sources such as flowers, fruits, barks, petals, roots, leaves, and beans of plants. These organic dyes are being nontoxic, cost‐effective, abundant, environmentally friendly, and easy to extract, which is made them extensively applicable for DSSC. Through this review, readers may get an idea about the effect in the efficiency of the solar cell by applying variable semiconductors, effects of solvents, variable light‐harvesting pigments, types of electrolytes, and modification of counter electrodes by certain polymeric materials or nanomaterials. Furthermore, the effects of methodology, processing temperature, and pH of the medium during synthesis on solar cell parameters, such as the efficiency of DSSC, are critically analyzed which are reported by other researchers.

The common types of pesticides such as carbamate and organophosphate are cause serious health issues for consumers. Although these have several benefits to preserve fruits, vegetables, and cereals as well as better yield. The farmers should be aware during the used of the pesticides in nature of the pesticides, ratio of pesticide to land area, and waiting period for edible vegetable. This study focused on the quantitative analysis of rapid bioassay of spectrophotometric for inhabitation of pesticides occurs in the vegetables. The nine different vegetables were collected from six places and analyzed then compared with the standard result. Eight vegetable samples provided green coloured indication and one indicated yellow colour by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, the percentage of Op and Ca pesticide residue is below 35%, which indicates such vegetables are edible. But for cucumber the Op was found in the 35-45% range and resulted in yellow colour, it indicates that the vegetables are non-edible. For cucumber, it takes to quarantine for 2-3 days after that the pesticide could be reduced and safe for consumption. It is clear from this study that no vegetable in the local market has a maximum percentage level of pesticide Op and Ca. However, most of the vegetables available in the market of Sudurpaschim province are safe to consume.