No abstract

No abstract

The study was conducted to forecast the price of black pepper in one of the major markets of Karnataka state as the state ranks first position in production of pepper in India. The Gonikoppal market in Kodagu district was selected purposively on the basis of highest area and production in the state. The monthly prices of black pepper in Gonikoppal market were collected from the Karnataka State Agricultural Marketing Board, Bangalore, Karnataka state for the year 2008-09 to 2017-18. The time-series models such as ARIMA and ARCH models were applied to price data using software's such as SPSS, Gretl and EViews. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test and Heteroscedasticity Lagrange's Multiplier test were used to test the stationarity and volatility of the time-series respectively. The best forecasted model was determined based on the lowest values of Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwartz Bayesian Information Criterion (SBIC). However, the predictability power, performance and quality of the model was measured based on the lowest error value of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Prediction Error (MAPE). Among the tested models the prediction accuracy of the ARIMA model was higher than ARCH family models. On the basis of the results, the ARIMA (0,1,1) provide a good fit for forecasting the price of black pepper.

The goal of this study was to look at the trends in Bihar's cane crushing and sugar production. From 1939 to 2016, time-series data on cane crushed and sugar production was used (78 years). For this reason, three trend analysis models were used: linear, exponential, and quadratic, with the quadratic trend model being the best fit for the current study's trend analysis. A model was considered better if it processed low values of MAPE, MAD, and MSD and high values of R2 7 and R2 8. It was suggested that forecasted values have a positive increasing trend and are very close to that of actual values in Bihar as the next coming ten years are showing a good picture of sugar production. The result revealed that using the established model, it is possible to see that anticipated cane crushed and sugar production has constantly increased trends for the next ten years, from 2017 to 2026. The percentage increase in cane crushed ranged from 1.41 to 1.44 during 2017-26. The percentage increase in sugar production ranged between1.42 to1.68 during 2017-26. Farmers are becoming more interested in producing sugarcane in their fields as a result of the excellent profits it provides. These estimates will aid in the formulation of sound policies in Bihar's sugar and cane crushing industries.

The study, was carried out during March – June 2022 at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj. The experiment was carried out to see the performance of the most suitable soil media for growth and establishment of Papaya seedlings. There were nine treatments including control viz, M0 Control (Garden soil), M1(Soil + FYM), M2 (Soil+FYM+biocapsules), M3 (Soil+FYM+Neemcake), M4  (Soil + FYM + Neemcake + biocapsules), M5 (Soil +FYM + Vermicompost), M6 (Soil + Sand + Vermicompost + biocapsules), M7 (Soil + FYM + Sand) M8 (Soil+FYM+Sand+Biocapsules) replicated three times with 10 seeds per replication. Growth medium significantly affected the growth, biomass, and root morphological indexes of papaya seedlings. The results reveal that the treatment M6 (Soil+Sand+Vermicompost+biocapsules) was the most suitable treatment over all the other treatments in relation to germination and growth parameters.