BACKGROUNDOne of the most common ocular surgery, i.e. cataract surgery is today highly efficient and has a predictable outcome. Still, eyelid malpositions can occur after cataract surgery. Of these, blepharoptosis of upper eyelid occurs and sometimes persists even after few months of surgery. This occurrence depends on the surgical technique and method of ocular anaesthesia given.The aim of the study is to know the incidence and probability of developing postoperative persistent ptosis (>12 weeks) after different surgical techniques and anaesthetic methods.

BACKGROUNDRefractive errors are considered to be a preventable cause of blindness, leading to visual disabilities in children. As per WHO Vision 2020 initiative high priority is given for correction of refractive error as it is placed within the category of "childhood blindness". Uncorrected refractive error can result in amblyopia or strabismus. The risk of developing amblyopia occurs if the children are not screened early for refractive errors and corrected on time. Most of the children with uncorrected refractive errors are asymptomatic and screening helps in early detection and timely intervention to avoid complications. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency and pattern of refractive errors, and to analyse associations between refractive error and different types of strabismus and amblyopia in paediatric age group <12 years who attended our Ophthalmology OPD at Govt. Stanley Medical College Hospital located in North Chennai.

BACKGROUND Dry eye disease is a well-known side effect of antipsychotic therapy which is often neglected due to nonspecific symptoms. Therefore, this study is to analyse tear film dysfunction in patients on chronic antipsychotic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study was undertaken on 200 eyes of 100 patients who were on chronic anti-psychotic therapy attending the Psychiatry OPD. Out of 100 patients, 65 patients were male, rest 35 were females. Ocular examination was done on all patients which included BCVa, slit lamp evaluation and dry eye evaluation. RESULTS 32 out of 100 patients on chronic anti-psychotic therapy had dry eye disease. 17 (53.13%) out of these 32 patients had symptoms suggestive of dry eye disease. Patients on typical antipsychotics and multidrug regimen showed more prevalence of dry eye. CONCLUSION Nearly 40% patients were in Grade 3 category of dry eye disease, which if not treated on time can lead to further progression and complication of disease. Patients may not come out with symptoms of ocular diseases so it is mandatory to screen these patients to diagnose early and to prevent complications. This study emphasizes on the need to give importance to patients symptoms so that it can be detected earlier before it progresses.

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis have a transient raise in intraocular pressure and decrease in ocular perfusion pressure. This is used in early detection of glaucomatous optic nerve damage and subsequent irreversible visual loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100 chronic kidney disease patients under haemodialysis in the nephrology department, Stanley medical college for more than one month were included in the study. We recorded complete history, and all participants were subjected to Intraocular pressure and blood pressure measurement at 3 different timings during haemodialysis session. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Ocular Perfusion Pressure (OPP), Systolic Ocular Perfusion Pressure (SOPP), Diastolic Ocular Perfusion Pressure (DOPP) and Mean Ocular Perfusion Pressure (MOPP) were calculated. RESULTS Mean IOP from the initiation to the end of haemodialysis was found to be increased. Mean arterial pressure, ocular perfusion pressure, systolic ocular perfusion pressure, diastolic ocular perfusion pressure, mean ocular perfusion pressure was found to be decreased from the initiation to the end of haemodialysis. At the end of study period, 10% were found to develop early glaucomatous field defects and early optic nerve head changes in both eyes at follow-up. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the importance of screening and monitoring of intraocular pressure and characteristic early optic nerve head changes and early visual field changes of glaucoma in end-stage renal disease patients who are on haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND There are very few studies on the common causes and clinical features of optic disc swelling in Asian population. Therefore, this study is to determine the clinical manifestations and aetiology of optic disc oedema. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients presenting with unilateral or bilateral disc oedema who attended the Ophthalmology OP, Stanley Medical College, were included in the study. Evaluation of BCVA, colour vision, anterior segment, visual fields by Octopus field analyser, detailed fundus and optic nerve by direct ophthalmoscope/90D/indirect ophthalmoscope was done in all subjects. Fundus photograph was taken in selected cases.