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In addition to decreasing air quality, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) gases also have a major impact on the deterioration of human health. Air pollution index (API) was investigated as well as the potential health risk from the exposure of carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide to traders in Malengkeri bus station, Indonesia. Samples were collected by purposive sampling technique. The results revealed that air pollution index of CO and NO 2 at the beginning of the week were 1473.82 and 2.57, respectively. While on the weekend were 2874.83 and 1.53, respectively. The average risk quotient of acute exposure at the beginning of the week for CO was 0.0036. While on the weekend was 0.0041. The average risk quotient of chronic exposure at the beginning of the week for NO 2 was 0.02. While on the weekend was 0.01. The air pollution index of CO from the beginning until the end of the week could be described as a danger for human health, while for NO 2 was good. Both average risk quotient of CO and NO 2 had not exceeded the guideline (>1) and not indicated any noncarcinogenic health risk. However, the male might suffer from the effect compared with female.

House flies are commonly found at homes and business premises in Malaysia. They are known as vectors of pathogen because they carry the pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella after contacting to animal waste. It is therefore very much essential to control over the house flies so that it cannot be spread out in a large scale. In doing so, many kinds of baits are used to attract and trap these flies either by mechanical or chemical means. But all these baits are not capable of attracting flies equally. The main goal of this study is to find out the best bait that can attract house fly effectively and safely in everyplace. Experiments were conducted to find out the best bait among six different baits commonly used in Malaysia. Two baits made in abroad and four baits made in Malaysia were selected for conducting this study because these baits are commonly used in Malaysia. Experiments were carried out in food industry, fish market and poultry farm in the east coast of Malaysia. Data were collected from the field experiments continuously for six days and analysed to determine the best bait that trap the house flies very effectively. Data analysis results show that the Chinese Electronic Fly Catcher Trap (CEFCT bait is the best one for trapping house flies effectively compared to other baits. Further studies are necessary to find out the low-cost bait components with similar effect of CEFCT bait in local market in order to develop new low-cost bait.

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