Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is very likely that many radiology residency and fellowship programs will adopt interactive videoconference interviewing for the 2020-2021 residency match cycle. Although video interviewing has become a common part of the hiring process for business, experience with video interviewing for resident and fellow selection has been limited. Advantages of video interviews over traditional on-site interviews include cost-savings to both applicants and residency programs, less disruption to an applicant's educational activities, and potential for training programs to access a wider pool of candidates. The loss of the casual interactions that occur during an on-site interview and the inability of candidates to evaluate training facilities and their surrounding environments in-person are among the obstacles posed by video interviews, but training programs can mitigate these challenges with enhanced website content and creative media solutions. Through a review of the existing literature and internet resources, this article recommends specific measures medical schools, applicants, and radiology residency and fellowship programs can take to optimize the virtual interview experience for all involved parties.

Pulmonary deposition of inhaled drugs in ventilated neonates has not been studied in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate pulmonary delivery of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) following nebulization in ventilated piglets using magnetic resonance imaging. Seven ventilated piglets (5 Ϯ 2 d old, weight 1.8 Ϯ 0.5 kg) were scanned in the Bruker/Siemens 4T magnetic resonance scanner using T1 weighted spin-echo sequence. Aerosols of Gd-DTPA were generated continuously using the MiniHeart jet nebulizer. Breath-hold coronal images were obtained before and every 10 min during aerosolized Gd-DTPA for 90 min. Signal intensity (SI) changes over the lungs, kidneys, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart were evaluated. A significant increase in SI was observed in the lungs, kidney, and liver at 10, 20, and 40 min respectively after start of aerosol. At the end of 90 min, the SI increased by 95%, 101%, and 426% over the right lung, left lung, and kidney, respectively. A much smaller increase in SI was observed over the liver. In conclusion, we have demonstrated effective pulmonary aerosol delivery within 10 min of contrast nebulization in ventilated piglets. Contrast visualization in the kidneys within 20 min of aerosol initiation reflects alveolar absorption, glomerular filtration and renal concentration. (Pediatr Res 64: 159-164, 2008)

Objectives To assess seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a densely populated urban Indian settings and its implications for disease trends and protective immunity. Design Cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey linked with administrative reporting of COVID-19 testing data. Settings Pune city in western India Main outcome measure Prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies were estimated and along with correlates of virus neutralisation and other immune and inflammatory markers. Results Seropositivity was extensive (51.3%; 95%CI 39.9 to 62.4) but varied widely in the five localities tested, ranging from 35.8% to 66.4%. Seropositivity was higher in crowded living conditions in the slums (OR 1.91), and was lower in those 65 years or older (OR 0.59). The infection-fatality ratio was estimated at 0.21%. Post survey, COVID-19 incidence was lower in areas noted to have higher seroprevalence. Substantial virus-neutralising activity was observed in seropositive individuals, but with considerable heterogeneity in the immune response and possible age-dependent diversity in the antibody repertoire. Conclusion Despite crowded living conditions having facilitated widespread transmission, the variability in seroprevalence in localities that are in geographical proximity indicates a heterogenous spread of infection. Declining infection rates in areas with high seropositivity suggest population-level protection. It is also supported by substantial neutralising activity in asymptomatically infected individuals. This is the first report of a significantly high proportion of protective immune response among asymptomatic individuals in the population. The heterogeneity in antibody levels and neutralisation capacity indicates the existence of immunological sub-groups of functional interest. Trial registration Registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2020/07/026509)

Objective. To assess trends in incident cases, and case fatality rate between first and second waves, we analyzed programmatic COVID-19 data from Pune city, an epicenter of COVID-19 cases in India. Method. The trends of incident cases, time-to-death, and case fatality rate (CFR) were analysed. In addition, Poisson regression models adjusted for age and gender were used to determine the independent effect of pandemic waves on mortality. Results . Of 465,192 COVID-19 cases, 162,182 (35%) were reported in the first wave, and 4,146 (2.5%) died among them; second wave reported 275,493 (59%) cases and 3184 (1.1%) deaths (p<0.01). The overall CFR was 1.16 per 1000 person-days (PD), which declined from 1.80 per 1000 PD during the first wave to 0.77 per 1000 PD in the second wave. The risk of death was 1.49 times higher during the first wave (adjusted case fatality rate ratio- aCFRR,1.49; 95% CI: 1.37–1.62) and 35% lower in the second wave (aCFRR, 0.65; 95% CI: 0.59 – 0.70). Conclusion. The absolute burden of COVID-19 cases and deaths were more significant in the second wave; however, the CFR declined as the pandemic progressed. Nevertheless, investigating newer therapies and implementing mass vaccinations against COVID-19 are urgently needed.

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