Summary The study evaluated the effectiveness of ‘Mass Vaccination Campaign (MVC)’ implemented against the contagious transboundary OIE notified Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats on the lines of ‘pulse polio campaign’ for humans in Chhattisgarh state, India. The effectiveness was evaluated on the axes of adequacy, financial viability under with and without MVC through differencing under various scenarios and options and programme impact from a farmer's perspective. The adequacy evaluation revealed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined under PPR‐MVC inconsonance with increased vaccination coverage. Furthermore, the seroconversion increased during post PPR‐MVC implies elevated immunity levels in the sheep and goat population. The estimated mean mortality loss was USD 45.2 and USD 16.5 per animal in goats and sheep, respectively, whereas the treatment and opportunity cost of labour was USD 1.9 and USD 2.5 per animal respectively. Under the low PPR incidence scenario, benefit: cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return were 4.9:1, 48.9 million USD and 146.6%, whereas it was 12.4:1,142.7 million USD and 430.4% and 13.5:1,156.7 million USD and 430.4% under medium and high incidence scenarios. Furthermore, the option of vaccinating 100% risk population during the first year followed by 30% during subsequent years to cover naïve population will maximize benefits than 100% coverage every year; nevertheless, benefits outweighs cost manifolds in both of these options. The farmers had a positive opinion on the overall services provided under PPR‐MVC and the results provide the empirical evidence on effectiveness of ‘mass vaccination’ for its replication in other states of India or countries with similar socio‐economic and rearing environments.

Objectives Meditation practices and the therapeutic interventions that involve them are numerous, heterogeneous, and multidimensional. Despite this, many researchers have noted a tendency for studies of meditation-and mindfulness-based interventions to inadequately describe the interventions themselves, limiting valid comparisons, generalizations, and identification of mediators and moderators of therapeutic change. To address this, we identified and organized features of meditation-based interventions reported in study publications as an initial step toward systematically developing a reporting guideline. Methods A content analysis of 118 meditation-based intervention studies, informed by existing theoretical proposals of key features of meditation practices and interventions. Results Significant variability and inconsistency were found in the reporting of structural features of meditation-based programs as well as descriptions of the practices and activities within them. Based on features' prevalence, co-occurrences, and defining themes, a preliminary Meditation-based Intervention Design (MInD) framework and reporting checklist were developed. Conclusions Findings can inform further development of a reporting guideline and aid in identifying variables of meditation practices and their contexts that are responsible for or influence their effects. This can enhance the quality of research in the field and contribute to improving the effectiveness of meditation-and mindfulness-based interventions.Keywords Meditation . Mindfulness . Interventions . Research reporting guidelines . Content analysis Meditation is a generic term used to describe a wide variety of spiritual, healing, and contemplative practices employed for over 5000 years (Nash et al. 2013;Ospina et al. 2007). There is no consensus definition, although meditation is commonly described as some form of mental training (Eifring 2016;Nash et al. 2013;Ospina et al. 2007). In scientific literature, meditation is generally described as a practice, exercise, or training of awareness or self-, emotion, or attention regulation (Eifring 2016). Meditation may also refer to the states of consciousness or experience that arise during these practices (Nash et al. 2013).Meditation practices are found in many religious traditions, including Judaism, Christianity, Islamic Sufism, and Daoism, but are particularly emphasized in Buddhism and Hinduism (Eifring 2016;Lutz et al. 2007). Types of Buddhist meditations include mindfulness of breathing, foundations of mindfulness, loving-kindness, compassion, contemplation of mortality, meditation on foulness, the six recollections, tantric techniques, and mantra recitation, among others. There are also several meditations specific to Tibetan Buddhist teachings (e.g., Dzogchen, Mahamudra), Zen Buddhism (e.g., Zazen, Shikantaza, Koan), and other Buddhist schools (Dahl et al. 2015;Lutz et al. 2007). Meditation practices from Hinduism include pratyahara (i.e., sense withdrawal), pranayama (i.e., breath regulation), dharana (i.e., con...

Objective:To know the prevalence of diabetes in cataract patients. Methodology:A prospective observational study conducted in ophthalmology department. The total number of patients including males and females having cataract were included. The duration of the study was 6 months including all age groups. Torch light and slit lamp examinations were done. For all those patients who were not previously diagnosed as having diabetes, fasting blood glucose estimation was evaluated twice: once in the field using capillary blood and a second time at the base hospital using venous blood (glucose oxidase method). Patients were considered to be newly diagnosed subjects with diabetes if fasting bloodglucose level was 110 mg/dl or more on 2 occasions, as described previously. The lens opacity is classified based on lens opacity classification system (LOCS III) comparing with the standard photographs system. Conclusion:In our study 44.5% patients had diabetes with cataract.

Introduction: Mucormycosis is a life-threatening fungal infection that occurs in patients who are immune compromised because of diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia and/or organ transplantation. In pandemic of COVID 19 an unusual epidemic of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis was observed affecting post COVID patients mainly. Covid 19 causes endothelial dysfunction due to inflammatory induced homeostasis and a pro coagulant state with multi-organ involvement[1].All these inflammatory and hypercoaguble states are established risk factors for retinal artery occlusion. Direct invasion of vessels by fungal hyphae leading to widespread occlusive vasculitis and thrombosis can also lead to complications like Central Retinal Artery Occlusion in patients of mucormycosis. Aim: To report a series of CRAO cases in Post Covid Rhino-orbito cerebral mucormycosis patients and describe clinical profile and outcome. Methodology: In a cross sectional study all adult patients at SDU medical college from 1st April to 31st August 2021 diagnosed as Rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis were included. Epidemiological data of all cases and relevant history were noted. Detailed history regarding COVID hospitalization and treatment received were noted. Detailed ocular examination including fundus examination was done.Primary outcome measure was CRAO. Results: A total of 34 patients were included in study out of which 26.47% were females and 73.52% were males. CRAO was observed in a total of 10 patients (27.02) out of which 9(90%) were males and 1(10%) was female. Conclusion: Association of invasive mucormycosis with COVID-19 is dangerous and has serious consequences. Detailed ophthalmological surveillance in such patients is mandatory to avoid sight threatening complications.

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