A topological index, also known as connectivity index, is a molecular structure descriptor calculated from a molecular graph of a chemical compound which characterizes its topology. Various topological indices are categorized based on their degree, distance, and spectrum. In this study, we calculated and analyzed the degree-based topological indices such as first general Zagreb index M r G , geometric arithmetic index GA G , harmonic index H G , general version of harmonic index H r G , sum connectivity index λ G , general sum connectivity index λ r G , forgotten topological index F G , and many more for the Robertson apex graph. Additionally, we calculated the newly developed topological indices such as the AG 2 G and Sanskruti index for the Robertson apex graph G.

Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a foodborne pathogen which has been linked to various food outbreaks. The current study was aimed to isolate and identify this pathogen from different kind of food products and herbs as well as to reveal its antibacterial resistant profiling. A total of 235 samples were collected, including 130 Powdered Infant Formula (PIF), 55 spices and herbs and 50 samples from Bouillon Flavoured Powder (BFP). These samples were obtained from local markets in Duhok city of Iraq from February to August 2019. The collected items were checked for the presence of C. sakazakii by using conventional biochemical tests and confirmed through molecular techniques. The findings showed that 3.1% of PIF, 24% of BFP and 78.2% of spices and herbs were positive for C. sakazakii. This bacterium expressed a complete susceptibility to each of ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin and chloramphenicol and showed high to mild resistance to the rest of the examined antibiotics Microbiological evaluation of imported food is crucial for safeguarding public health. The high contamination rate and high drug-resistant C. sakazakii in the examined food products declared prospective hazards to endangered people.

The rapid change in the failure of antimicrobial therapy due to an increase in the number of infections caused by antimicrobial resistance and the commencement of comprehensive resistant strains robustly claim detection of appliances causing the improvement of drug resistance. In this article, we review the double tactics to decrease antimicrobial resistance infections in hospitals by the improvement of hospital infection prevention and control (IPC) and Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs and their gradually significant part in decreasing the feast of antibiotic resistance using an ethical framework that enables clinicians and to appraise policies for rational use of an antibiotic in six practical steps. Though the procedure of bacteriophages and antibodies has been partially applied, further encouraging plans, such as probiotics and antimicrobial peptides, are under improvement. Novel approaches such as genetically modified phages and CRISPRCas9 also converse, and plasmid curing and anti-plasmid methods might reduce ARG existence and alert bacteria about antibiotics.

In several pharmacologic, pharmacology, and alternative medicine studies, oral administration of medication or test substances to experimental animals is needed. It is clinically sound and recommended to administer test substances to experimental animals along the same route that they are taken or expected to be taken by humans as general bioavailability; the pharmacology and pharmacology parameters obtained for the drug will depend significantly on the route chosen to administer it. The lack of ready access to high-quality oral tubing built for different species, as well as a widespread lack of technical expertise to properly use out-of-the-box techniques in this part of the world, has made this route controversial among medicine scientists. The typical problems and difficulties associated with the oral administration of test product solutions were avoided by mistreating either the syringe alone or incorporating it into the animals feeds or drinkables. This jury-rigged oral tubing was also used to ensure that the expected doses were correctly administered in each case.