A series of novel heterocyclic structures, namely 1,3‐oxazines, 1,3‐thiazines and 2,4‐diaminopyrimidines, were designed and synthesised. The bioassay tests demonstrated that, among these analogues, 2,4‐diaminopyridine derivatives showed significant antiproliferative activity against different human cancer cell lines (A2780, SiHa, HeLa, MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231). Pyrimidines substituted with N 2 ‐( p ‐trifluoromethyl)aniline, in particular, displayed a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of cancer cells. Structure–activity relationships were also studied from the aspects of stereochemistry on the aminodiol moiety as well as exploring the effects of substituents on the pyrimidine scaffold.

Aims: Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is the food-borne pathogen responsible for listeriosis. It is considered a serious public health risk, and is spread through the consumption of food products. The disease can be fatal to humans and animals. The objective of the present study was to isolate and identify L. monocytogenes from frozen chicken, minced meat, and cheese in Duhok province, Iraq. Methodology and Results:Between March and October 2015, equal numbers (n=50) of samples of minced meat, frozen chicken, and cheese were collected (total n=150). Biochemical and microbiological tests, including realtime PCR, were performed to determine the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in the samples. Out of 150 samples, 20 displayed greyish/black colonies with black halos on Oxford and Palcam agar. of these putative Listeria, 12 were subsequently identified as L. monocytogenes by PCR. L. monocytogenes was detected in 1 (2%), 7 (14%), and 4 (8%) of isolates from cheese, minced meat, and frozen chicken, respectively. Conclusion:Significance and Impact of study: Detection of pathogenic bacteria in foods, such as those analysed in this study, is crucial for safeguarding public health. The qPCR technique offers a rapid and reliable method for isolation of many foodborne pathogens in different kinds of foods.

The objective of this study was to develop Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) procedure for detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in artificially contaminated chicken meat. The experiments were conducted with various dilutions of Salmonella Typhimurium reference the American Type Culture Collection ATCC (ATCC13311 TM 4.4*10 7 ) High concentration 4.4*10 3 Colony Forming Units (CFU)/ml, low concentration 4.4*10 2 CFU/ml, very low concentration 4.4*10 1 CFU/ml inoculated in chicken meat, in order to determine limits of detection (LOD), optimum incubation times 18 to 20 hours of preenrichment in Buffered Peptone Water (BPW 1%). Hence, cultural methods and DNA extraction were performed according to kits instruction. The microbiological cultural test was capable to detect 1.76 CFU/mL, whereas PCR examination was able to detect 0.18 CFU/ml of initial dilution of Salmonella Typhimurium inoculated in chicken meat. Interestingly, the results were achieved in a less time period than that of classical culture. The PCR technique is beneficial in the methodology for detection of Salmonella in chicken meat.

Objective: The current study was aimed to evaluate and assess the correlation between adulterations of haematological parameters with high level of triglyceride in healthy smoker individuals. Methods: Ninety volunteers were participated in this study, smokers (n=70) and non-smokers (n=20). Complete blood count and other tests were performed by using fully automated haematological analyser devices. Results: The values of white blood cells (p=0.005), red blood cells (p= 0.01), haemoglobin content (p=0.03), haematocrit (p= 0.042), mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (p= 0.003 and p= 0.0022 respectively) in smokers showed greater when compared to no-smokers. The values of total cholesterol and triglyceride appeared significantly greater in smokers than in control subjects. All other calculated measure parameters did not show significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions: The current study showed that continues cigarette smoking among healthy individuals has adverse effects on both biochemical and haematological parameters but not in kidney function activities. There is a strong correlation between high levels of triglyceride with increased levels of blood parameters in smoker group.

Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a foodborne pathogen which has been linked to various food outbreaks. The current study was aimed to isolate and identify this pathogen from different kind of food products and herbs as well as to reveal its antibacterial resistant profiling. A total of 235 samples were collected, including 130 Powdered Infant Formula (PIF), 55 spices and herbs and 50 samples from Bouillon Flavoured Powder (BFP). These samples were obtained from local markets in Duhok city of Iraq from February to August 2019. The collected items were checked for the presence of C. sakazakii by using conventional biochemical tests and confirmed through molecular techniques. The findings showed that 3.1% of PIF, 24% of BFP and 78.2% of spices and herbs were positive for C. sakazakii. This bacterium expressed a complete susceptibility to each of ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamycin and chloramphenicol and showed high to mild resistance to the rest of the examined antibiotics Microbiological evaluation of imported food is crucial for safeguarding public health. The high contamination rate and high drug-resistant C. sakazakii in the examined food products declared prospective hazards to endangered people.