There is a current public health issue threatening human health worldwide with the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection was reported to first originate in bats and subsequently spread to humans via yet unknown source animals in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December, 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by extreme acute respiratory coronavirus-2 syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is an unprecedented healthy global emergency. The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has once again revealed the vulnerabilities of global healthcare systems, the capacity of these systems to respond to an infectious threat, as well as the rate of infection and transmission across international borders. The present review article aimed to provide an update of the current knowledge regarding COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission, as well as public health measures. The present review also emphasises the key learning points related to COVID-19 prevention and identifies the need to invest in healthcare systems, community-led defence systems, as well as the need for resilience and global health security.

An acute respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), began spreading across China in late December 2019. The disease gained global attention as it spread worldwide. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, many studies have focused on the impact of the disease on conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disorders, and renal malfunction. However, few studies have focused on musculoskeletal disorders related to COVID-19 infection. In this review, we update the current knowledge on the coronavirus with special reference to its effects during and after the pandemic on musculoskeletal aliments, which may inform clinical practice.

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Background: Fracture-related infections (FRI) remain a difficult consequence for orthopedic trauma patients, their relatives, the treating physicians, and the healthcare systems. Delayed fracture-related infection is an important step in the infection process that can be controlled by diagnosing and preventing it from moving to the next level. Neutrophils CD64 and CD66b were identified as sensitive indicators in the event of infection. Normal sequential changes, on the other hand, occur after surgery and are extremely high. They are back to normal on the 10 th day after the operation. The aim of this study was, therefore, to examine the risk factors associated with fracture-related infection by comparing cluster of differentiation (CD) indicators with conventional markers and comparing them with gold standards culture reports. As a result, it could be an early sign of a closed fracture infection.