Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the most common appearance, horizontal and vertical positions of the mental foramen (MF), using the panoramic radiographs in a selected population of Karachi (Pakistan). As this is relevant to consider prior to plan any maxillofacial surgical procedures in order to avoid nerve injuries. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Radiology Department of the Dr. Ishrat ul Ebad khan institute of oral health sciences (Dow University of Health Sciences). Period: 25th September to 5th November 2018. Material & Methods: Total 500 panoramic images were assessed. The study was divided in to the two group i.e. male and female adult patients in which the appearance, anterior-posterior positions and the superior-inferior positions of the MF was analyzed on the panoramic radiographs. Results: Total 500 OPG were accessed, the age ranges between 12 years to 73 years, 229 were male, 271 were females, and majority of MF were separated type (n=341, 68.2%) on right side and (n=373, 74.6%) on left side. And the most common superio-inferior position of the MF on both sides were position 2 (below the level of apices of 1st and 2nd premolar) on right side (n=387, 77.4%) and on left side (n=376, 75.2%), and the most common anterio-posterior position of the MF on both the right and left side is position 4 ( M.F lies in the line of 2nd premolars), on right side (n=269, 53.8%) and on left side (n=255, 51%). Conclusion: In this study the “separated type” was the most common type of appearance in both genders and the most frequent superio-inferior position of the MF is below the level of apices of 1st and 2nd premolar on both right and left sides. And the most common anterior-posterior position is within the line of longitudinal axis of 2nd premolar on both sides.

Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) has been considered as one of the commonest disorder in Pakistan. In this disorder, the patient complains of pain in Temporomandibular joint and associated anatomical muscles. This research study has been performed to evaluate the frequency of Anxiety and Depression in patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD). Objectives: The objective of this research study is to evaluate the frequency of Anxiety and Depression among patients with Chronic Temporomandibular joint Disorder. Study Design: A Cross-sectional Descriptive research study. Setting: This research study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral and Health sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences and Dr. Ruth K.M. Pfau Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Period: This research study was conducted for a respective period of 1 year from 1st March 2018 to 1st March 2019. Materials and Methods: A total of 213 patients having persisting Temporomandibular joint pain for more than 6 months were included in this study. The diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) was established if the patient demonstrated pain/discomfort in the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) and muscles of mastication and masticatory dysfunction for a period, exceeding 6 months. After demographic questions, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was administered to each patient and the intensity and severity of Anxiety and Depression were recorded and documented by the Operator. Results: The percentage of Anxiety and Depression among patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) was 31.46% (67/213) and 36.15% (77/213). Conclusion: In our respective study, the Frequency of psychological disorders like Anxiety and Depression were significantly high. Our results showed that an adequate and profound diagnosis and treatment planning is very necessary for all patients suffering from Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD) so that both physical and psychological factors of patients with Chronic Temporomandibular Disorder (CTMD) should be taken into primary foremost consideration prior to the decision pertaining to its management respectively.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper was to assess the awareness regarding oral aphthous ulcers and its risk factors among BDS and MBBS students in private institute of Karachi, Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at a private institute of Karachi Pakistan for the duration of six months. Medical and dental students of age more than 18 years of either gender were enrolled in the study using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Pre-designed proforma was used to collect data regarding demographics, history of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and knowledge of oral aphthous ulcers and its risk factors. The knowledge score of 4 out of 6 was considered as adequate knowledge. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze data. RESULTS: Of 150 participants, the mean age was reported as 22.94±1.65 years (range: 21-25 years). In those 150 participants 46 were males (30.7%) and 104 were females (69.3%). Overall mean score of knowledge was 4.35±1.29. Wherein 73% had adequate knowledge regarding oral ulceration and its risk factors. The dental students had significantly higher proportion of adequate knowledge regarding oral ulceration than medical students [p=0.024]. CONCLUSION: Overall students had good knowledge of oral ulceration and its risk factors, wherein knowledge of dental students was better than medical students. KEYWORDS: Oral ulcers; Recurrent Aphthous stomatitis; awareness, oral ulceration, risk factors, eating habits

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