This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Malaysian cocoa shell extracts, and optimization using response surface methodology. There are three variables involved in this study, namely: ethanol concentration (70–90 v/v %), temperature (45–65 °C), and ultrasound irradiation time (30–60 min). All of the data were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA). The coefficient of determination (R2) and the model was significant in interaction between all variables (98% and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, the lack of fit test for the model was not of significance, with p > 0.0684. The ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time that yielded the maximum value of the total flavonoid content (TFC; 7.47 mg RE/g dried weight (DW)) was 80%, 55 °C, and 45 min, respectively. The optimum value from the validation of the experimental TFC was 7.23 ± 0.15 mg of rutin, equivalent per gram of extract with ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time values of 74.20%, 49.99 °C, and 42.82 min, respectively. While the modelled equation fits the data, the T-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the response surface methodology models.

The mixture design was used to optimize the potential of hydrogenionic and the spreadability of topical hair gel from cocoa shell extract. The influence of the primary hair gel components thickener (0.25 – 0.75%), moisturizer (1-3%), styling polymer (1-3%), humectant (2-5%), adjusting PH agent (0.2-0.4%) and solvent (90.55-95.75%) were studied on two responses of the topical hair gel. The data obtained were fitted to the model with coefficient determination (R2= 0.994 for the pH and 0.9937 for the spreadability) and the lack of fit test shown not significant with a p-value bigger than 0.05. The optimized formulation with each significant factor was established at thickener (0.3%), moisturizer (0.25%), styling polymer (1.5%), humectant (2.99%), adjusting pH agent (0.4%), and solvent (94.57%) with the potential of hydrogenionic value and spreadability at 6.42 and 1.57 respectively. The predicted validation test shows that both values were comparable. This condition showed that the model development could be used to predict future observations within the design range.

This study seeks to analyze and optimize the antioxidant activity thru beta carotene bleaching assay influenced by different extraction condition on extracts obtained from Malaysia Cocoa Shell. The condition was optimized by response surface methodology with five levels of the model. There are three variables involved in this study, namely: ethanol concentration (70-90 v/v %), temperature (45-65 ºC), and ultrasound irradiation time (30-60 min). The optimum condition obtains for temperature, duration of extraction and solvent concentration were 55 ºC, 45 minutes and 63.18% respectively at a constant frequency of 40 kHz. In this condition, the antioxidant activity experimental was 98.91±0.5% and predicted 98.44%. The ANOVA shows the coefficient of determination (R2 ) and the lack of fit test was 0.9846 and 0.6105 respectively. The desirability function from T-test data, modeled equation fits the data, reveals that the design can be used to predicting future observation within the design range.

This study was used a mixture design to optimize the spreadability and viscosity of topical hair gel incorporates cocoa shell extract. The factor of the hair gel ingredient was thickener (0.2 – 0.8%), styling polymer A (2-5%), styling polymer B (2-6%), and solvent (84.63-91.63%) were studied on two responses selected spreadability and viscosity. The data collected were fitted to the model with high coefficient determination (R2= 0.994 for the spreadability and 0.9937 for the viscosity). The model can be predicted by showing the good lack of fit test result not significant with the p-value bigger than 0.05. From the ramp function simulation, the optimized formulation was selected and established at thickener (0.55%), styling polymer A (3.61%), styling polymer B (3.72%), and solvent (88.55%) with the spreadability and viscosity at 353.77 g.s and 39.91 pa.s respectively. The benefit of using mixture design in this experiment, it can help a formulator to understand the complex interaction between factors and can easily modify the formulation through ramp function simulation to obtain the desired result. The predicted validation test shows that both values were comparable. Under this condition showed that the model development could be used to predict future observations within the design range thickener (0.2 – 0.8%), styling polymer A (2-5%), styling polymer B (2-6%), and solvent (84.63-91.63%).