The stiffness and strength of the orbital walls are proportionally dependent on the anatomical structures which support and strengthen these walls from the opposite side. The medial wall is therefore strong due to the support of ethmoid cells. The floor is stronger the less surface there is and the more supported it is by trabeculae of the maxillar sinus. The strength of the upper and lateral walls are proportional to their thickness. The orbital floor is on the average the weakest, followed by the medial and upper walls. The lateral wall is the stiffest and the most rigid. Computed tomography (CT) has improved structural analysis of the orbital contents and orbital walls enabling the visualisation of superficial and deep soft tissues and bone structures.

Success in scaling up midwife/nurse provision of medical abortion in Kyrgyzstan will require registration of mifepristone-misoprostol, regulations permanently allowing midwife/nurse provision, strengthened procurement and distribution systems to prevent stockouts of supplies, preservice training of midwives/nurses and their involvement in district level supervision, monitoring and reporting, and support from supervisors.

Objectives To describe the comprehensive burden associated to gynecological cancer locations such as breast, uterine neck, endometrium and ovary for Cuba, its provinces and special municipality Isla de la Juventud during 1990,1995,2000 and 2002. Methods The disability-adjusted life year indicator, taken as the sum of potential years of life lost from mortality and the potential years of life lost from morbidity. The former was calculated on the basis of life expectancy estimates and the latter on the basis of severity, incidence and average duration of disease. Results The breast cancer consistently exhibited the highest burden caused by mortality and morbidity in the four studied years for the whole country. The potential years of life lost (PYLL) from premature death by location were on the rise in the four years for the four gynecological locations. Uterine cancer was responsible for deaths at younger ages. Except for endometrium, the rest of locations increased morbidity burden from 1990 to 2002. The comprehensive burden increased from 3.58 to 4.54; 1.62 to 2.42; 1.72 to 2.03 and 0.86 to 0.88 per 1 000 for breast, uterine neck, endometrium and ovary respectively. There were some differences among the provinces; it is worth to underline the highest comprehensive burden found in Ciudad de la Habana due to breast cancer (6.72 per 1000) and in Camagüey province and the rest of Eastern provinces due to uterine neck cancer. Conclusions Mortality and morbidity were both involved in the unfavorable development of the gynecological cancer burden in the studied years in Cuba.

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RESUMENIntroducción La flebitis y tromboflebitis de los miembros inferiores es una de las causas básicas de muerte por enfermedades vasculares periféricas y uno de los principales motivos de ingreso en los servicios de angiología del país. Objetivos Identificar la mortalidad y la carga por muertes prematuras a consecuencia de la flebitis y tromboflebitis en la población cubana.Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de la mortalidad por flebitis y tromboflebitis en miembros inferiores en los años 2000 y 2005 según la base de datos de la Dirección Nacional de Estadística. Se realizó el cálculo de las tasas brutas y específicas de mortalidad por edad, sexo y la tasa de años de vida potenciales perdidos por muertes prematuras según sexo y provincias.Resultados La mayor tasa de mortalidad y de años de vida potenciales perdidos fue en el año 2005, en el grupo de edad de 60 años y más y en el sexo femenino. Incrementaron la carga por muertes prematuras las provincias de Ciego de Ávila, 2 Camagüey, Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, Santiago de Cuba, Pinar del Río, Matanzas, Isla de la Juventud y Ciudad de La Habana.Conclusiones Estos resultados ofrecen una visión más amplia del impacto de la trombosis venosa en los miembros inferiores sobre el patrón de mortalidad del país. La carga por muertes prematuras constituye un elemento más, para planificar e implementar las políticas de salud relativas a las enfermedades venosas de los miembros inferiores.Palabras clave: Mortalidad, carga por muertes prematuras, flebitis y tromboflebitis, Epidemiología, Cuba. ABSTRACTSIntroduction Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities is one of the basic causes of death from peripheral vascular diseases and one of the main reasons for admission to the Angiology Services throughout the country. Objectives To identify mortality rates and burden of premature deaths from phlebitis and thrombophlebitis occurred in the Cuban population. Méthods A retrospective descriptive study of mortality from phlebitis and thrombophlebitis of lower extremities in Cuba in the years 2000 and 2005 was conducted, taking data from the National Division of Statistics as a basis. Gross and specific mortality rates by sex and age, and the rate of potential lost years of life caused by premature deaths by sex and province were estimated. Results The highest mortality rate and potential lost years of life rate were found in the over 60 years-old group and the female sex in the year 2005. The burden of premature deaths increased in Ciego de Avila, Camaguey, Villa Clara, Cienfuegos, Santiago de Cuba, Pínar del Río, Matanzas, Isla de la Juventud and Ciudad de la Habana provinces. Conclusions These results provide a broader overview of the impact of venous thrombosis on the lower limbs according to the national mortality patterns. The burden of premature deaths is another element for the planning and implementation of health policies related to venous diseases in the lower extremities.