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A seroepidemiologic survey of HBV infection was carried out in four population groups served by the Maternity Hospital of Majorca, an island in the Mediterranean. The prevalence of HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc), determined by enzyme-immunoassay, reached 17.2% among 864 parturients, 17.2% in 783 hospital personnel, 2.7% and 19.2% among the 186 children and 73 husbands of parturients with no HBV markers, 22.8% and 43.8%, respectively, among the 44 children and 48 husbands of HBsAg chronic carrier parturients. The prevalences of HBsAg in the same groups reached 0.9%, 1.5%, 0% and 0%, 11.4% and 2.1%, respectively. The carrier state represents 50% of all infection cases among children and 4.8% among husbands of carrier women. The prevalence of markers, which was especially high among personnel working in maintenance services (39.1%), on surgical wards (35.3%), among midwives (27.6%) and in cleaning and laundry services (27.1%), and laboratories (21.4%), is used as an indicator in defining priorities for the vaccination of people at risk. Sixty-seven newborn babies of HBsAg carrier mothers were administered one dose of HBIG and three doses of hepatitis B vaccine; at 12 months of age, the seroconversion rate was 98.5%, whereas 1 child (1.5%) became a chronic carrier. Maternity hospitals represent the ideal centers in which to carry out the detection of HBsAg in pregnant women prior to parturition, to ensure that all newborns of chronic carrier women receive passive-active immunization, and to screen their family contacts and vaccinate those who are found susceptible to the infection.