Objectives: The issue of food-additive-toxicity causing several health hazards needs to be therapeutically managed in an immediate effect. Alloxan, a food additive, used for whitening and shining of flour, is capable of inducing genotoxicity, diabetes, and associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, to explore a non-toxic, phyto-based compound which could delay the onset of diabetes and prevent the multitude of damage associated therein, Chlorophyllin (CHL), was selected for our study having been reported to exhibit anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory responses. Therefore, the objectives of the present study aimed to evaluate the protective role of CHL in controlling genotoxicity, glucose imbalance, and associated cytochrome c mediated mitochondrial signaling dysfunction against food-additive-induced genotoxicity, diabetic state, and its complexities in mice model in vivo. Method: Mice were pre-treated with CHL through oral gavage before they were exposed to alloxan. Diabetic markers, antioxidant enzyme profile, chromosomal study, mitochondrial functioning factors, and expression of proteins were checked against food-additive injected mice. Results: The results revealed that CHL pre-treatment could delay the onset of diabetes, restrict alloxan-induced elevation of blood glucose, reduce DNA-damage and chromosomal aberration, optimize enzymatic profile (glucokinase, pyruvate, insulin), and modulates protein expression (insulin, IRS1, IRS2, GLUT2). Further, CHL-pre-treatment could stabilize mitochondrial-membrane-potential, intracellular calcium ion, ATP/ADP ratio, ATPase activity thereby maintaining optimum functioning of cytochrome-c, bcl2, and caspase3 mitochondrial protein. Conclusion: Therefore, the present study reports for the first time, the screening of phyto-based bioactive CHL for preventing/limiting the extent of food-additive-induced genotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction and serve as an advanced therapeutic tool in the management of diabetes.

Graphene plays an etiologic role for the new edge drug designing in the area of therapeutic management of myriads of diseases. Several researchers have experimentally validated the use of graphene and its derivative either in chemical form or in their nano-form to provide a longer and better life to the patients suffering from cancer, diabetes, etc. In this review, we have tried to focus on the literature to understand molecular docking-based role of graphene as an anti-cancer and anti-diabetic therapeutic tool which is very pertinent in the extensive arena of pharmacology, from pharmacovigilance to pharmacodynamics and kinetics, that ameliorates and concords with the modern scientific approaches of disease management.

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, which may ultimately involve cell death. The most common neurodegenerative disorder in the brain happens with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which is the most common cause of dementia. It ultimately leads to neuronal death, thereby impairing the normal functionality of the central or peripheral nervous system. The onset and prevalence of AD involve heterogeneous etiology, either in terms of genetic predisposition, neuro-metabolomic malfunctioning, or lifestyle. The worldwide relevancies are estimated to be over 45 million people. The rapid increase in AD has led to a concomitant increase in the research work, directed towards the discovery of a lucrative cure for AD. The neuropathology of AD comprises the deficiency in the availability of neurotransmitters and important neurotrophic factors in the brain, extracellular beta-amyloid plaque depositions, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Current pharmaceutical interventions utilizing synthetic drugs have manifested resistance and toxicity problems. This has led to the quest for new pharmacotherapeutic candidates naturally prevalent in phyto chemicals. This review aims to provide an elaborative description of promising phyto component entities having activities against various potential AD targets. Therefore, naturopathy may combine with synthetic chemotherapeutics to longer the survival of the patients.

Background: This review critically addresses the putative molecular targets of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and screens effective phytocompounds that can be therapeutically beneficial, and highlights their mechanistic modalities of action. Introduction: DN has become one of the most prevalent complications of clinical hyperglycemia, with individual-specific variations in the disease spectrum that leads to fatal consequences. Diverse etiologies involving oxidative and nitrosative stress, activation of polyol pathway, inflammasome formation, Extracellular Matrix (ECM) modifications, fibrosis, and change in dynamics of podocyte functional and mesangial cell proliferation adds up to the clinical complexity of DN. Current synthetic therapeutics lacks target-specific approach, and is associated with the development of inevitable residual toxicity and drug resistance. Phytocompounds provides a vast diversity of novel compounds that can become an alternative therapeutic approach to combat the DN. Method: Relevant publications were searched and screened from research databases like GOOGLE SCHOLAR, PUBMED and SCISEARCH. Out of 4895 publications, the most relevant publications were selected and included in this article. Result: This study critically reviews over 60 most promising phytochemical and provides with their molecular targets, that can be of pharmacological significance in context to current treatment and concomitant research in DN. Conclusion: This review highlights those most promising phytocompounds that have the potential of becoming new safer naturally-sourced therapeutic candidates and demands further attention at clinical level.