The redox dye methylene blue (MB) is proven to have beneficial effects in various models of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigated the effects of MB (100 nM, 300 nM, and 1 μM) on key bioenergetic parameters and on H2O2 production/elimination in isolated guinea pig brain mitochondria under normal as well as respiration-impaired conditions. As measured by high-resolution Oxygraph the rate of resting oxygen consumption was increased, but the ADP-stimulated respiration was unaffected by MB with any of the substrates (glutamate malate, succinate, or α-glycerophosphate) used for supporting mitochondrial respiration. In mitochondria treated with inhibitors of complex I or complex III MB moderately but significantly increased the rate of ATP production, restored ΔΨm, and increased the rate of Ca(2+) uptake. The effects of MB are consistent with transferring electrons from upstream components of the electron transport chain to cytochrome c, which is energetically favorable when the flow of electrons in the respiratory chain is compromised. On the other hand, MB significantly increased the production of H2O2 measured by Amplex UltraRed fluorimetry under all conditions, in resting, ATP-synthesizing, and respiration-impaired mitochondria, with each substrate combination supporting respiration. Furthermore, it also decreased the elimination of H2O2. Generation of H2O2 without superoxide formation, observed in the presence of MB, is interpreted as a result of reduction of molecular oxygen to H2O2 by the reduced MB. The elevated generation and impaired elimination of H2O2 should be considered for the overall oxidative state of mitochondria treated with MB.
Background: This research paper provides a systematic literature review (SLR) on the current status of augmented-reality head-mounted devices (AR-HMDs) that guide and navigate spine surgeries and pedicle screw placement. Methods: Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library and IEEE Xplore databases were screened for the systematic literature search to collect and statistically analyze live patient clinical, procedural and user experience data. Multi-level Poisson and binominal models were used for analysis. Results: In vivo patient data, only the clinically widely used Gertzbein–Robbins Scale, were published as an outcome in the recent heterogeneous literature. The statistical analysis supports the hypothesis that using AR-HMDs has the same clinical outcomes as using more expensive robot-assisted surgical (RAS) systems. Conclusions: AR-HMD-guided pedicle screw insertion is reaching its technology readiness, providing similar benefits to RAS. Further meta-analysis is expected in the future from higher case-numbered and standardized randomized clinical trials.
Background Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are medical instruments embedded inside the body. Well-informed and empowered patients living with IMDs are key players of improving IMD-related patient safety and health outcomes. However, little is known about IMD patients’ epidemiology, characteristics, and current awareness levels. Our primary aim was to investigate the point and lifetime prevalence of patients living with IMDs. Patients’ IMD-related knowledge and determinants of IMDs’ impact on their life were also explored. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted. Respondents’ IMD history, whether they received instructions for use and IMD’s overall impact on life were recorded by self-reports. Patients’ knowledge about living with IMDs was assessed on visual analogue scales (VAS, 0–10). Shared decision-making was analyzed by the 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9). Descriptive statistics and subgroup comparisons between IMD wearers were performed for statistical differences. Significant determinants of IMD’s overall impact on life were examined in linear regression analysis. Results In the total sample (N = 1400, mean age 58.1 ±11.1; female 53.7%), nearly one third of respondents were living with IMD (30.9%; 433/1400). Among them, the most frequent IMDs were tooth implants (30.9%) and intraocular lens (26.8%). Mean knowledge VAS scores were similar (range: 5.5 ±3.8–6.5 ±3.2) but differences by IMD types were observed. Patients who received instructions for use or reported better impact on life indicated higher self-reported knowledge. Regression confirmed that patients’ knowledge was significant predictor of IMD’s impact on life, but this effect was overwritten by the SDM-Q-9. Conclusions This first comprehensive epidemiological study on IMDs provides basic data for public health strategy planning alongside the implementation of MDR. Improved self-perceived outcomes were associated with higher knowledge hence education of patients receiving IMD deserves consideration. We suggest to investigate further the role of shared decision-making on IMD’s overall impact on patients’ life in future prospective studies.
Az egészség-gazdaságtani elemzések kritikai értékeléséhez célszerű egységes keretrendszerben megjeleníteni az elkészített elemzések bizonytalansági tényezőit. A kutatás célja, hogy bemutassa a sejt- és génterápiák példáján a bizonytalansági tényezők azonosítására, számszerűsítésére és interpretációjára összeállított keretrendszer felhasználhatóságát. Az OGYÉI Technológia-értékelő Főosztálya által feltárt módszertani dokumentumok áttekintésével, illetve a főosztály jelenlegi gyakorlatának formalizálásával kidolgozott keretrendszerben először az elkészített elemzés bizonytalansági tényezőit azonosítjuk, majd megvizsgáljuk azok számszerűsíthetőségét a benyújtott egészség-gazdaságtani elemzésen belül. Ezt követi hatásuk interpretációja, és utolsó lépésként a bizonytalansági tényező jelentőségének megállapítása a költséghatékonysági konklúzióra nézve. A keretrendszert a tizagenlekleucel példáján alkalmazva, a következő bizonytalansági tényezőket azonosítottuk. Nehezen számszerűsíthető, de jelentős a komparátoreljárás hatásosságával kapcsolatos bizonytalanság, ami összefügg a kontrollkar nélküli klinikai vizsgálatokkal, és az emiatt felhasznált szekunder adatokkal. Számszerűsíthető és jelentős hatása van a diszkontráta nagyságának mind az egészségnyereség, mind a költségek szempontjából; szintén számszerűsíthető, de nem jelentős a relatív hatásosság becsléséhez alkalmazott módszerek hatása. A bemutatott példa alapján a keretrendszer korlátokkal ugyan, de megfelelőnek bizonyult az egészség-gazdaságtani elemzések bizonytalansági tényezőinek dokumentálására és rendszerezésére. Az ismertetett keretrendszer alkalmazása kívánatos lehet a társadalombiztosítási támogatás döntés-előkészítése során. A bizonytalansági tényezők azonosításának további formalizálása módszertani fejlesztési lehetőség.
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