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Streptokinase (SK) is an enzyme that is used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The current study focused on the enhanced production of SK by inducing mutation in Streptococcus agalactiae EBL-20 and optimization of medium components and culture conditions for the maximum growth of mutant derived strain. S. agalactiae EBL-32 was selected as a potent mutant after exposure of S. agalactiae EBL-20 to EMS for 180 minutes. SK activity obtained from mutant derived strain was found to be 1.6 fold higher as compared to the activity achieved by wild strain. Nutritional requirements of the mutated strain were optimized by single factor analysis method suggesting glucose as the optimum carbon source; yeast extract and peptone as a suitable nitrogen sources and corn steep liquor (CSL) as an appropriate substrate for the maximum SK production. The culture conditions determined by response surface methodology (RSM) suggested that a temperature value of 37.5⁰C and pH 7 of the fermentation medium with 2.50 mL inoculum size for 36 hours of incubation was optimum for maximum yield of SK. Hence the optimization studies resulted HIGHLIGHTS  Streptokinase isolated from Streptococcus agalactiae is an active thrombolytic agent  Ethyl methanesulfonate is an effective mutagenic agent for Streptococcus spp.  Response surface methodology resulted in 1.92-fold increased streptokinase activity Arshad, A.; et al. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. Vol.62: e19170813, 2019-www.scielo.br/babt into 1.92 fold increase in the yield of SK suggesting the new isolate suitable for commercial scale production of SK.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of independence, management support and external auditors’ cooperation on Effectiveness of Internal Audit. It also investigates the moderating effect of ethical culture and mediating effect of internal controls, between major factors of internal audit (independence, management support and external auditors’ cooperation) and Effectiveness of Internal Audit in private sector of Pakistan. Cross-sectional design was used in this study. Four hundred and eighty (480) questionnaires were distributed among the auditors in the chartered accountants’ firms of Pakistan situated in Lahore on convenience basis.  Sixty-one (61) indicators were measured on five-point Linkert scale from one which refers to strongly disagree to five which denotes strongly agree.  PLS-SEM is used for the analysis of the data. The results show that there is positive relationship between two factors of internal audit (independence and external auditors’ cooperation) and internal controls while the third factor, management support has no relationship. Moreover, the findings show that ethical culture has no moderating effect on the association between internal control system and internal audit effectiveness. Similarly, internal controls positively mediate the relationship between two factors of internal audit (independence and external auditors’ cooperation) and Effectiveness of Internal Audit. Moreover, it demonstrates the value of independence and the collaboration of external auditors in enhancing the efficiency of internal auditing and business performance. The results of this study will direct business entities and other organizations to improve the internal controls for enhancing the effectiveness of internal audit and focus on independence of IAD and external auditors’ cooperation with internal auditors as these factors are very important for getting results from internal audit department in order to achieve goals.

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