This study explored the binding patterns of the wild type and B.1.618 variant using which revealed that the B.1.618 variant possess a stronger binding affinity for the host ACE2 and escape the neutralizing antibodies.

No abstract

The study was aimed to know the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of equines in district Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 150 fecal samples were randomly collected from equines including both horses and donkeys with the age ranging from 2 to 10 years in and around district Peshawar; and examined through direct microscopy and simple flotation methods. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was 75.4% with 80% in donkeys and 70.66% in horses. The prevalence was higher in the younger group (82.22%) followed by 5 year old (75.38%) and 10 years old (67.5%), the females were more prone to nematode infection (77.77%) than males (72.5%). Similarly, the prevalence was higher in emaciated (88.6%) as compared to moderate (71.42%) and healthy equines (30.9%). The Strongylus species were more prevalent both in horses and donkeys (20% and 26%) in Peshawar followed by Parascaris equorum (14%), Oxyuris equi was 10% in horses and 4% in donkeys while, the prevalence of Strongyloides westeri was 6%, about 18% of the horses were infected by mix species, while in donkeys mix infection was 28%. It is concluded that the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes was quite high both in horses and donkeys in and around district Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Hence to utilize horses and donkeys more efficiently in the respective area, further control measures against gastrointestinal nematodes and other parasites as well must be necessary.

DENGUE is an acute viral illness caused by the RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Intense dengue is a spreading cause of serious disease and death in some ’Asian and south American’ countries. Pathogenesis is associated with amended functioning of our innate immune system during infection. Toll Like Receptor is influential for the involucre of innate immunity able to cause of Dengue infection disease like pattern receptor recognition. Toll like receptor induces by injuries of a certain severity arbitrate activation of interferons and Fc receptor arbitrate involucre of cytokines. Clearance of Dengue virus is associated with interferons protein however regulatory mechanisms have been adopted against this modified effect. The clearance considers being a steady state known to be characterized low threshold level of DENV. The pathogenic state is characterized by high threshold level of SOCS. SOCS protein is also induced due to the interferon and cytokine amended signaling which can subsequently play its part in the regulation of interferon and cytokine production. Our hypothesis in this research the innate immunity system is associated between the pathogenesis of Dengue virus and the SOCS amended inhibition. We used the static formalism model of the biological regulatory network of Toll-like receptor induced by the pathogenesis of dengue amended signaling pathway. A model verification method used in GINsim was used to deduce the logical parameters for the qualitative modelling. Therefore, a multidisciplinary and translational study, constructed a formal model constraints approach with a static and integrative computational analysis, which may identify new immunopathological mechanisms and biomarkers for differential diagnosis, opening the way for the development of specific therapies that will reduce mortality and induced morbidity by Dengue virus.