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Nadeem M., Abdullah M., Hussain I., Inayat S., Javid A., Zahoor Y. (2013): Antioxidant potential of Moringa oleifera leaf extract for the stabilisation of butter at refrigeration temperature. Czech J. Food Sci., 31: 332-339.The antioxidant potential of a leaf extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) -LEMO was studied for the stabilisation of butter at refrigeration temperature. LEMO was obtained by extracting the ground and dried leaves with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 48 hours. LEMO was added into butter at three different concentrations, i.e. 400 ppm (T 1 ), 600 ppm (T 2 ), and 800 ppm (T 3 ) and compared with a treatment which was not supplemented with LEMO, i.e. control (T 0 ). The addition of LEMO at all three levels did not have any effect on butter composition. Free fatty acids, peroxide value and p-anisidine value (AnV) of T 2 after 90 days of storage were 0.10%, 0.71 meq/kg and 14.85 as compared to the control 0.16%, 1.24 meq/kg and 28.85, respectively. Peroxide value of the control and T 2 in Schaal oven test after 5 days in oven was 8.19 and 2.99 meq/kg, respectively. Induction period and overall acceptability score of the control and T 2 were 6.35 h, 8.91 h and 7.6, 7.2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that LEMO at 600 ppm may be used for reasonable storage stability of butter at refrigeration temperate with acceptable sensory characteristics.

BackgroundAlthough, use of animal species in disease treatment and culture practices is as ancient as that of plant species; however ethnomedicinal uses and cultural values of animal species have rarely been reported. Present study is the first report on the medicinal uses of mammals and bird species in Pakistan.MethodsQuestionnaires and semi-structured interviews were applied to collect qualitative and quantitative data from local informants (N = 109). Relative frequency of mention (RFM), fidelity level (FL), relative popularity level (RPL), similarity index (SI) and rank order priority (ROP) indices were used to analyzed the data.ResultsOne hundred and eight species of animals, which include: 83% birds and 17% mammals were documented. In total 30 mammalian and 28 birds’ species were used to treat various diseases such as rheumatic disorders, skin infections and sexual weakness among several others. Fats, flesh, blood, milk and eggs were the most commonly utilized body parts. Bos taurus, Bubalus bubalis, Capra aegagrus hircus, Felis domesticus, Lepus nigricollis dayanus and Ovis aries (mammals) and Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, Columba livia, Coturnix coturnix, Gallus gallus and Passer domesticus (birds) were the highly utilized species. Medicinal and cultural uses of 30% mammals and 46% birds were reported for the first time, whereas 33% mammals and 79% birds depicted zero similarity with previous reports.ConclusionPresent study exhibits significant ethnozoological knowledge of local inhabitants and their strong association with animal species, which could be helpful in sustainable use of biodiversity of the region. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of biological activities in the mammalian and birds’ species with maximum fidelity level and frequency of mention could be important to discover animal based novel drugs.Graphical AbstractSome commonly used mammals and birds species of the study area

The present feeding trial was conducted to assess the optimal level of phytase supplementation required for maximum nutrient absorption and growth performance of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed canola mealbased diet. A standard diet having 30.21% protein and an energy value of 4.26 kcalg −1 was used as reference diet. The experimental diet having similar protein and caloric density was formulated by using 70% reference diet and 30% of canola meal as test ingredient. This experimental diet was then divided into seven test diets and were supplemented by graded levels (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 FTU kg −1) of phytase enzyme. Chromic oxide was used in reference and test diets as an inert marker. Results showed that phytase supplementation at 750 FTU kg −1 level effectively increased apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (64%), crude fat (76%) and gross energy (68%) as compared to reference and other phytase-supplemented diets. The results of present study showed increased growth and feed performance of fingerlings in response to phytase supplementation. Maximum performance was obtained by the fish fed on test diet having 750 FTU kg −1 level. It was concluded that 750 FTU kg −1 level of phytase supplementation in canola meal-based diet is sufficient for increasing nutrient digestibility and growth performance of L. rohita fingerlings.

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