Previous research has established that relationships with authority figures and procedural justice perceptions are important in terms of the way in which employees react to organizational procedures that affect them. What is less clear are the reasons why exchange quality with authorities is related to perceptions of process fairness and the role of procedural justice climate in this process. Results indicate that individual-level perceptions of procedural justice, but not performance ratings, partially mediate the relationship between exchange quality and reactions to performance appraisals, and that procedural justice climate is positively related to perceptions of procedural justice and appraisal reactions. These results support a more relational than instrumental view of justice perceptions in organizational procedures bound by exchange quality with an authority figure. Our study suggests that it is essential for managers to actively monitor and manage employee perceptions of process fairness at the group and individual levels.

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Seven resistance-trained men performed six bouts of resistance exercise, each separated by at least 1 week, in a crossover design. High, moderate and low volumes of exercise were used, each performed twice and followed immediately post-exercise by either a placebo or carbohydrate-protein supplementation. All bouts of resistance exercise were performed using a load equal to 100% of each subject's ten-repetition maximum (10-RM), and all rest periods between sets of exercise were 1 min. Blood was obtained before and at intervals after exercise until 120 min post-exercise. Lactate levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated immediately post-exercise, and to a significantly greater extent after the greatest volume of exercise. Levels of growth hormone rose significantly after the greatest volume of exercise only. Those of insulin and glucose rose significantly after supplementation only. Cortisol levels tended to be higher after the greatest volume of exercise, but the differences were not significant. Supplementation had no effect on the lactate, growth hormone or cortisol responses to resistance exercise. The data indicate that volume of exercise and protein-carbohydrate supplementation can alter the metabolic and hormonal responses to resistance exercise independently. However, cortisol levels remain high after a high volume of resistance exercise, irrespective of whether a post-exercise carbohydrate-protein supplement is used.

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The effects of a vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist (VIPhyb) on human glioblastoma cells were characterized. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (125I-PACAP-27) bound with high affinity to U87, U118, and U373 cells. Specific 125I-PACAP-27 binding to U87 cells was inhibited, with high affinity, by PACAP but not VIP or VIPhyb (IC50 = 10, 1500, and 500 nM, respectively). By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a major 305 bp band was observed indicative of PAC1 receptors. PACAP-27 caused cAMP elevation and the increase in cAMP caused by PACAP-27, was inhibited by the VIPhyb. Also, PACAP-27 caused cytosolic Ca2+ elevation in Fura-2AM loaded U87 cells and the VIPhyb inhibited this increase. Using the MTT growth assay, the VIPhyb was shown to inhibit glioblastoma growth in a concentration-dependent manner. Using a clonogenic assay in vitro, 10 microM VIPhyb significantly inhibited proliferation of U87, U118, and U373 cells. In vivo, 0.4 microg/kg VIPhyb inhibited U87 xenograft proliferation in nude mice. These results suggest that the VIPhyb antagonizes PAC1 receptors on glioblastoma cells and inhibits their proliferation.