To study the air quality in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (GMA), concentrations of suspended particles (PM 10) and ozone (O 3) reported by eight monitoring stations were analyzed. Also, six commonly found types of synoptic situations (TSS) during 1996-2016 were identified using an atmospheric pattern correlation method on the mean sea level pressure and geopotential heights (850 hPa, 500 hPa, and 200 hPa) of fields given by the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) database. Overall, 75% of the period of study was classified as one of the six TSS. Afterward, statistical significance tests (confidence level 95%) were applied to determine whether the TSS affected PM 10 and O 3 concentrations locally in the GMA. PM 10 maximum hourly concentrations (~76.7 µg/m 3) occurred around 8 am local time, while that of ozone (~0.054 ppm) occurred between 1-4 pm local time. Meanwhile, PM 10 monthly levels were higher between December and May, and the highest O 3 concentrations occurred between April and June. Average annual levels of PM 10 have decreased through the years, while the annual trend of mean O 3 concentrations seemed to respond to the 11-year solar cycle. It was also found that during "convective-allowing situations" (TSS VI) and "thermal low over California" (TSS I), PM 10 concentrations remained low in the GMA, and O 3 concentrations rose under the influence of a "low-pressure system over the United States (USA)" (TSS II). Further research is suggested to address the effect of the local circulation in the GMA linked to the TSS on O 3 and PM 10 concentrations.
El impacto del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos se predice como un problema potencial, reduciendo la cantidad de agua para la agricultura, la industria y el uso doméstico. Una serie de estudios se están llevando a cabo para entender mejor este problema. En ésta investigación cinco décadas de datos meteorológicos (1961-2009) fueron analizados para evaluar el efecto del cambio climático en las tendencias de la evaporación en la presa La Vega. Se utilizó la estadística de Mann-Kendall para identificar la tendencia de las variables meteorológicas; temperatura máxima, temperatura mínima, precipitación y evaporación, así como la evaporación potencial de la presa La Vega. Los resultados mostraron que el periodo 1961-1969 sólo la evaporación del reservorio presentó tendencia significativa al incremento con un valor de S de 24 y un coeficiente de correlación de 0.7015. El periodo de 1970-1979 presentó tendencias positivas y negativas, para la temperatura máxima el valor S correspondió a 24, con un coeficiente de correlación de 0.4613, lo cual representa tendencia significativa al incremento. La evaporación en este periodo presentó tendencia negativa con un valor S de -25, con coeficiente de correlación de 0.4877 y tendencia significativa a disminuir. En el periodo de 1980-1989 la precipitación mostró tendencia negativa con valor de S de -27 y coeficiente de correlación de 0.5324 con tendencia significativa a disminuir. Los periodos 1990-1999 y 2000-2009, mostraron tendencias similares para el caso de temperatura máxima y evaporación del reservorio. Para 1990-1999 la temperatura máxima presentó tendencia positiva con valor de S de 25, coeficiente de correlación de 0.5447 y tendencia significativa al incremento. Para el mismo periodo la evaporación del reservorio también presentó tendencia positiva con valor S de 29, coef iciente de correlación de 0.6404 ytendenciasignificativaalincremento.Enelperiodode2000- 2009 la temperatura máxima presentó un valor S de 24 con coeficientedecorrelaciónde0.6684ytendenciasignificativa al incremento. La evaporación del reservorio presentó la misma tendencia con valor S de 25, coeficiente de correlación de 0.5911 y tendencia significativa al incremento. Se concluye que los periodos comprendidos entre 1961-1989 no mostraron tendencias notables en las variables meteorológicas, por el contrario el periodo comprendido entre 1990-2009 presentó tendencias claras al incremento para el caso de la temperatura máxima y la evaporación del reservorio. Sin embargo es un comportamiento esperado debido a que la evaporación de un cuerpo de agua depende en gran medida de la temperatura en el ambiente, así como otras variables ambientales y f ísicas propias de un cuerpo de agua superficial. Sin embargo, de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos el incremento de la temperatura puede afectar de manera negativa la pérdida por evaporación en la presa La Vega.
Los estudios a nivel mundial sobre calidad de aire de interiores y quema de leña utilizada por mujeres de zonas rurales para cocinar involucran la recopilación de informaciones distintas, y pueden ser clasificados en tres grandes grupos. El primer grupo establece una asociación directa entre el uso de biomasa y efectos en la salud (síntomas respiratorios, EPOC, asma, cataratas, alteración de la función pulmonar), sin entrar a detalle con el tipo de contaminante generado.
Environmental health diagnosis was made in a sport and recreational park in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. The objective of this research was to perform an environmental diagnosis in Tucson Park; it concentrated on air quality (fine and coarse particulate matter, carbon dioxide), environmental noise, water quality of springs and a pond according to national standards, and macroinvertebrates as biological indicators of water condition, as well as phytosanitary state of wooded area. Additionally, a survey was conducted to study environmental perception. Results of the study highlighted significant statistical differences concerning the amount and size of particles for the winter and spring seasons. Noise levels within the park premises exceeded the Mexican standard. Water quality measured through general criteria of integrated water quality index (WQI) qualified the park´s analyzed springs as acceptable but to abstain its use and human consumption. Finally, the perception survey identified insecurity as the major problem, followed by the lack of lighting and effective communication of courses and workshops for the community to attend. It is one of the first environmental diagnoses in sport parks in Mexico´s Metropolitan Areas as an integrated approach of ecosystem health and wellbeing of city inhabitants.
Human health relates either positively or negatively to environmental stimuli. It is well documented in science literature, how toxic substances disturb lung function and how ionizing radiation damage genetic material. In modern societies, noise is an agent entering the list of the diverse environmental stressors of urban population. Noise in the urban environment affects quality of life, as it alters interpersonal communication, sleep, and is a potential risk for hearing loss due to continuous and chronic exposure, as well as some other documented effects. Recently the response of the immune system to the effects of noise is taking importance in the scientific community. Researchers are studying and applying unconventional approaches in order to find any relationship between the amount of noise and the response of the immune system. This paper discusses evidence of the relationship among environmental noise and the immune system, and also questions the methods and techniques applied to finally propose issues to be considered when studying relationships among environmental noise and the immune system.
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