During the recent years, klithih (juvenile crime) is considered one of the most common form of violence commited by young people in Yogyakarta. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for, and developmental pathway to, klithih among young people. Participants of this study were ten young offenders aged between 15-17 years old who were incarcerated in Juvenile Detention Center (JDC) Wonosari, Yogyakarta. Based on qualitative analysis, there were three risk factors, namely: 1) Poor parent-child relationships; 2) Commitment to deviant peer group; and 3) Low academic motivation. These risk factors influenced the development of juvenile delinquency and crime from childhood to adolescence and together they formed developmental pathway.

Shame is one of the self-conscious emotions which needs more cultural insights from studies. West's definition of shame has been very negative, following its negative externalization, such as anger. On the other hand, the East concept of shame, as well as Southern Americans, value shame as positive. Within Javanese culture, the most populated island in Indonesia, shame is introduced, educated, and socialized as isin from childhood. A mature Javanese is one with isin. This study aims at understanding the importance of isin of Javanese adolescents. A total of 118 Javanese adolescent students completed an open-ended question regarding the importance of isin. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and aided by MAXQDA to code and categorize the responses. Five themes of the isin importance are identified: pro-social motives, selfimprovement, self-awareness, self-control, and learning resources. There is no negative response concerning the isin experience. The findings confirm the positive aspect of shame within the East perspective.

The COVID-19 pandemic that has occurred since the beginning of 2019 has changed various aspects of human life. The rapid spread of the virus has restricted human activities, ranging from economic, educational, to socio-religious activities. This situation is a new thing for humans giving rise to various experiences. This study aimed to understand individual psychological experiences, including thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and perceptions in facing the pandemic in various age groups. This research consisted of two stages: the grounded theory survey approach and the phenomenological approach. In the first stage, as many as 447 participants of adolescence and early, middle to late adulthood have filled out an online questionnaire via the google form. The next stage was interviews with 15 participants related to experiences in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. The interview results were then analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method. The results showed that most adolescents described the COVID-19 pandemic as a crisis, while most of the adult group described it with negative emotions. All age groups decided on health as their main concern. Most of the participants considered that there were things to be grateful for during the COVID-19 pandemic. Groups of adolescents and early and middle adults made their family the thing they were most grateful for during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanwhile, the late adult group placed health as most grateful for. Gratitude was also believed to be a provision for someone to survive and see the positive side of an unpleasant event.

In the present research, we examined cross-cultural generalizability of the roles of anxiety and intergenerational contact in age-based stereotype threat (ABST). To this end, we conducted studies in France (individualistic culture) and Indonesia (collectivistic culture). In the main study, elderly participants in France and in Indonesia completed the Digit Span task that was presented as memory (high-threat) or cognitive strategy task (low-threat). Using the bootstrapping method, we found that, in both countries, stereotype threat led to lowered performance among the elderly who had little or no contact with the young. Those with positive contacts, on the other hand, showed no performance decrement under high (vs. low) threat. Highlighting the importance of culture, performance anxiety mediates the effects of threat on the performance of the French elderly, versus intergroup anxiety for the Indonesians. Self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) associated with cultural orientation (individualistic vs. collectivistic) was proposed to explain the cultural difference in the type of anxiety as a mediator. This not only leads to suggestions for future research but also for possible real-life intervention strategies.