Antimalarial chemotherapy has become more complex and challenging because of multidrug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Due to resistance of malarial parasite against well known drugs, the chemotherapy of malaria has become complicated. In this review we have discussed brief introduction followed by life cycle of malaria parasite. The list of commercially available antimalarial drugs along with there action on different stages of parasite have been discussed. A brief description of their mechanism of action and advantages and disadvantages were reported. The natural products as antimalarial have been discussed in the review. On the basis of chemical classes the natural products were divided in the following categories; Quinoline alkaloids, Iso-quinoline alkaloids, Indoloquinoline alkaloids, Carbolines, Bis-isoquinoline, 4-Quinazole derivatives, Trioxanes, Terpenes, Naphthoquinone, Anthraquinones, Chalcones, Hydroxy flavanones, Coumarins and phenolic glycoside. The combination chemotherapy has been highlighted in the review. The Biochemical and Immunological changes in malarial infection are discussed along with complications of malarial chemotherapy due to resistance. In the conclusion section, the future strategies for the chemotherapy of malaria have been discussed.

Over the last few years, Pharmacokinetics has emerged as an integral part of drug development, especially when identifying a drug's biological properties. Understanding of pharmacokinetic and metabolism characteristic of the drug compounds is needed in designing appropriate human clinical trials. This document describes the basic principles of pharmacokinetic studies necessary for the submission of a new drug application and for re-examination of approved drugs.

Anita, et al.: Discerning the Proficiency of Chitosan as a Competent Brain Drug CarrierBiopolymer such as chitosan is more favoured as a drug carrier in particular to the brain due to its potential to cross the blood brain barrier. This study is a comparative assessment of the extraction of chitosan from natural sources such as mushroom, crab and shrimp using alkali method pursued by physicochemical assays that surmise the excellence of the biopolymer in permeating a central nervous system drug. Commercially, chitosan extracted from crustaceans have been widely used but this study revealed that mushrooms are also a good source for chitosan. An in silico assay enumerates the structural affiliation of the polymer and its binding efficiency. Molecular docking study facilitates to attest the brain targeting efficiency of chitosan on disparity with sodium alginate against the efflux permeability glycoprotein furnishing minimum binding affinity energy values of -37.2 k cal/mol. The pharmacologically significant descriptors propose a low solubility that avoids the untargeted discharge of drug. Chitosan extracted from a rich protein source such as mushroom in a mild alkaline condition with a high degree of deacetylation has freer amine groups can act as a drug by itself and can readily bind with a drug as a carrier. The synchronised work of biopolymer extraction with that of in silico analysis can further take chitosan as a lead compound for brain drug development and targeting studies.

Niosomes are vesicular nacarriers that can be used for both amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are budding vehicles in advanced drug delivery systems. Niosomes are nionic surfactants vesicles that can be formed with or without the addition of cholesterol. Niosomes can be the best choice for nacarriers because of their specific characters like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and immugenic nature. Niosomes can easily trap the hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and extend the period of the drug in the systemic circulation. Niosomes are the nacarrier that can enhance penetration of drugs into the specific target tissues hence resulting in reduced toxicity. The main aim of this review article is to provide a detailed description of Niosomes.