Achalasia is a relatively rare primary motor esophageal disorder, characterized by absence of relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter and of peristalsis along the esophageal body. As a result, patients typically present with dysphagia, regurgitation and occasionally chest pain, pulmonary complication and malnutrition. New diagnostic methodologies and therapeutic techniques have been recently added to the armamentarium for treating achalasia. With the aim to offer clinicians and patients an up-to-date framework for making informed decisions on the management of this disease, the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus Guidelines proposed and endorsed the Esophageal Achalasia Guidelines (I-GOAL). The guidelines were prepared according the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-REX) tool, accredited for guideline production by NICE UK. A systematic literature search was performed and the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations were graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Given the relative rarity of this disease and the paucity of high-level evidence in the literature, this process was integrated with a three-step process of anonymous voting on each statement (DELPHI). Only statements with an approval rate >80% were accepted in the guidelines. Fifty-one experts from 11 countries and 3 representatives from patient support associations participated to the preparations of the guidelines. These guidelines deal specifically with the following achalasia issues: Diagnostic workup, Definition of the disease, Severity of presentation, Medical treatment, Botulinum Toxin injection, Pneumatic dilatation, POEM, Other endoscopic treatments, Laparoscopic myotomy, Definition of recurrence, Follow up and risk of cancer, Management of end stage achalasia, Treatment options for failure, Achalasia in children, Achalasia secondary to Chagas' disease.
A doença do refl uxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), considerada uma das afecções digestivas de maior prevalência nos paises ocidentais (22) , tem sido bastante estudada. Merece destaque o grande número de publicações existentes na literatura médica sobre a mesma. Contudo, há controvérsia em relação a vários aspectos relevantes da afecção.O objetivo do presente estudo foi salientar tópicos importantes da doença e apresentar revisão de literatura do tema. Foram revistos os seguintes tópicos: defi nição, prevalência, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico, indicações e limitações dos principais métodos diagnósticos e tratamento clínico, cirúrgico e endoscópico. Estratégia de pesquisa e critérios de seleção de trabalhosPesquisou-se, via Internet, artigos de revisão, consensos, "guidelines" e revisões sistemáticas de literatura com meta-análise, publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2000 a 2005), nas seguintes bases de dados: Central de Registro de Estudos Controlados da Cochrane Library e na PubMed. Dentre muitos trabalhos encontrados, foram selecionados nove revisões sistemáticas de literatura com meta-análise, cinco revisões de literatura com critérios de inclusão bem defi nidos, cinco "guidelines" e quatro publicações de consensos, que abordassem os tópicos propostos para a revisão. foram selecionados nove revisões sistemáticas de literatura com meta-análise, cinco revisões de literatura com critérios de inclusão bem defi nidos, cinco "guidelines" e quatro publicações de consensos, que abordassem os tópicos propostos para a revisão. Vale salientar que, como se observa nas referências bibliográfi cas, não foram consideradas apenas as publicações encontradas na referida pesquisa; outras publicações relevantes (algumas anteriores ao período de tempo analisado) foram consideradas na redação do presente texto. Conclusões -Dentre as 12 conclusões apresentadas, destacam-se duas: 1. a impedanciometria esofágica tem contribuído substancialmente para o melhor conhecimento da doença do refl uxo gastroesofágico e se desponta, quando associada à pHmetria (impedanciopHmetria esofágica), como o novo padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico do refl uxo gastroesofágico, e 2. dentre os sintomas da afecção há os que podem ser considerados ácido-dependentes que costumam responder bem ao tratamento com inibidores de bomba de prótons. Contudo, há também sintomas que são mais dependentes da presença física do refl uxo do que da sua acidez. Esses, que não dependem tanto do teor ácido do refl uxo, não são bem controlados pelo uso de anti-secretores. DESCRITORES -Refl uxo gastroesofágico. Esofagite. Transtornos da motilidade esofágica.
One hundred and twenty-two patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease were studied (90 with and 32 without esophagitis) with the objective of analyzing possible differences between those with and without esophagitis. Evaluation consisted of clinical interview, endoscopy of the high digestive tract, esophageal manometry, and pH monitoring. There was no significant difference between the groups in age, sex, or symptoms. The incidence of hiatal hernia was greater in the group with esophagitis. Although the frequency of motor changes was similar, the type of anomaly was different. The reflux pattern was very similar in both groups. Therefore, the concept of reflux disease, esophagitis, and pathological reflux still needs a broader definition for greater diagnostic precision and for comparing the results of different studies on the subject. Normal reflux (confirmed using pH esophageal monitoring) in 12.2% of patients with esophagitis suggests that other factors are implicated in the etiology of the disease besides those measured using this examination.
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