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Bu makalenin amacı, ilköğretim birinci kademe öğrencileri arasında yaşanan şiddeti azaltmak ve önlemek amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan Anlaşmazlıklarımızı Çözebiliriz çatışma çözümü eğitim programını tanıtmak; programın temellendirildiği kuramlar ve görgül çalışmalar hakkında bilgi vermektir. Program, yapıcı çatışma çözümü, empati, öfke kontrolü ve sosyal bilgi işleme kuramları üzerine temellendirilmiştir. Eğitim süresince öyküler, fotoğraflar, karikatürler, posterler, çizgi filmler gibi çocukların ilgisini çekebilecek materyaller kullanılmakta, kalem-kağıt aktiviteleri, sınıf tartışmaları, oyun, rol oynama, drama gibi farklı tekniklerden yararlanılmaktadır. Çatışma çözümü eğitim programlarının etkililiği konusunda yapılan araştırma sonuçları, sosyal ve duygusal becerilerin öğrenilebileceğini ve bu becerilerin kazanımıyla saldırgan davranışların azaltılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Background: The present study investigates the reliability and validity of the Positive–Negative Relationship Quality (PN-RQ) scale in Turkey. This study aims to test different factorial models including orthogonal factors model, correlated factors model, one-factor model, and bifactor model. Methods: In order to determine the validity and reliability of the scale, two studies were performed. The first was carried out with emerging adults (university students) who were in a romantic relationship (148 females, 43 males, and 2 unknown) and had the main purpose to examine the structure validity of the measurement tool in the Turkish sample with an exploratory analysis. Study 2 was performed online with 513 married adults (359 females, 149 males, and 5 unknown); confirmatory findings and criterion validity studies were added. Results: Exploratory factor analyses revealed that relationship quality had a two-factor structure and that there was also a negative relationship between the factors. Confirmatory factor analyses on the married sample showed that the bi-factor model provided evidence for the multidimensional nature of the scale. Both studies demonstrated high internal consistency. Conclusion: There is evidence for reliability and validity in the Turkish version of the PN-RQ scale to measure both positive and negative aspects of the relationship. The PN-RQ scale will be highly functional for social and clinical psychologists who work on close relationship issues in Turkey.

The aim of the current study is to investigate whether the perception of the value, cost and sincerity of a best friend's helping behaviors, the gratitude felt toward the best friend and general gratitude expression differ according to dispositional gratitude and gender. Moreover, situations in which people felt gratitude toward their best friends and their means of expressing gratitude were investigated. A total of 406 people, 230 female and 176 male, participated in this study. Gratitude, Resentment and Appreciation Test -Revised, Gratitude Expression Scale, Gratitude Cognitive Evaluation Form, Gratitude Adjective Scale and Demographic Information Form were used. In addition, participants were asked open-ended questions to write about an event where they were grateful to their friend and how they expressed their gratitude. The Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) results indicated that those high in dispositional gratitude were more likely to have stronger (a) perceptions of the value, cost and sincerity of their best friend's helping behaviors, (b) feelings of gratitude toward their best friend, and (c) gratitude expression. Additionally, the levels of gratitude expression for women were higher than those for men. Content analysis showed that the participants felt most grateful after receiving psychological and financial support from their friends and expressed their gratitude using verbal expression, nonverbal expression, or other-oriented expression styles. In parallel with the literature, the results of the study suggested that those high in dispositional gratitude were more aware of the behaviors of their best friends, and felt and expressed gratitude to them.