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Objective: To assess the knowledge of premenopausal women belonging to different socioeconomic backgrounds, about symptoms, treatment, myths, and causes of early or late onset of menopause. Materials and methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Ziauddin University hospital over a period of 8 months. A sample size of 300 was taken. Socioeconomic status was determined by inquiring about income per capita . Knowledge and perception of the premenopausal women were assessed. Data were entered and analyzed using version 20 of SPSS. Results: The upper class seemed to be highly aware of the common menopausal symptoms. Young females from the lower class had least knowledge about menopause, followed by middle class. 55% of women considered menopause to be a natural aging process rest believed that it is a clinical condition. The majority, with a negative perspective, belonged to lower socioeconomic class. Conclusion: About a quarter of Pakistanis are living below the poverty line, and since the study suggests that women from this stratum have poor knowledge about menopause, there is a great need for spreading awareness to this class. This study would help improve the quality of life of women belonging to the lower class and would eventually decrease morbidity and mortality due to the consequences of menopause.There is limited research in Pakistan about the knowledge of women regarding menopause, and the focus is diverted more towards evaluating the experience of menopause rather than perception. Adverse socioeconomic conditions are likely to leave deep imprints on psychological well-being of an individual. Hence it can be a major risk factor for the difference in opinion and perception as well as knowledge.

Background: Various factors lead to hypovitaminosis (decreased vitamin D levels in serum/blood), in general population, sunlight being one of the major factors. Doctors and staff nurses are particularly at risk due to long working hours indoors, which deprives them of adequate Ultraviolet light exposure Methods: It was a prospective descriptive cross sectional study conducted at Ziauddin University Hospital, Keamari campus, from August 2018 to July 2019. The objective of this study was to determine the status of vitamin D deficiency among doctors and staff nurses working at Ziauddin University Hospital. All those doctors and staff nurses were included in the study, who were already advised by physicians to get serum vitamin D levels done for their symptoms. Results: A total sample of 118 was collected. 56 doctors and 62 staff nurses participated in the survey. 85 out of 118 (72%) subjects were either deficient or insufficient of vitamin D. Conclusion: Even though doctors and nurses are considered to have better understanding of vitamin D deficiency symptoms and morbidity it causes; still this study found out that majority of the healthcare providers working at Ziauddin hospital were deficient of this vitamin.

Background: Postpartum Depression is a serious issue that can lead to irreversible disasters if not timely recognized and diagnosed. There are various modes of delivery; which may contribute towards physical and mental trauma. Methods: It was a prospective descriptive cross- sectional study carried out to evaluate the alliance of postnatal depression with different modes of delivery i.e. vaginal or lower segment caesarean section. The study was conducted at Ziauddin University Hospital. A sample size of 200 was taken. It was carried out from June 2019 to December 2019. A Performa was designed that questioned about different socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors for post-natal depression (PND). Edinburg Post-Natal Depression Scale (EPNDS) was used for authenticated identification of women with depression in purpeurium. Results: Out of the total sample of 200 women, 100 were taken from the spontaneous vaginal delivery group and 100 from cesarean section group. Mean age was 21-34 years. It was noticed that 60% women who underwent cesarean section became a victim of depression and 40% women who had a normal vaginal delivery were identified to have post natal depression. Conclusion: The study identifies cesarean section to be one of the culprits of postnatal depression as compared to woman undergoing spontaneous vaginal delivery.  There is an exponential rise in the frequency of performing unexplained cesarean sections that would also boost up the graphs of postnatal depression; hence there is a dire need to instruct women to follow up postnatal so that they can be evaluated for post partum depression.

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