Floods frequently threaten villages near the Khazir River’s floodplains, causing crop losses and threatening residential areas. We used flood-related hydrological software, including WMS and HEC-HMS, to study this issue and determine how to reduce the recurrence of flooding. The software can be used to calculate a hydrograph of torrential flows in a river drainage basin and estimate the volume of torrential water and its flow rates on the Earth’s surface. The depth of rain has been evaluated and calculated in the SCS Unit Hydrograph for different return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 years. According to our study’s findings, the volume of the river’s drainage basin floods ranged between 29,680 and 2,229,200 m3, and the maximum flow value ranged between 10.4 and 66.4 m3/sec during various reference periods. To analyze and model the flood risks of the Khazir River, the HEC-RAS model was combined with the HEC-GeoRAS extension in ArcGIS. The floods were the focus of two study periods, 2013 and 2018, and were based on the digital elevation model and river discharge during the floods. According to the classification map of the flood depths, the areas of flood risk varied from low to very low (80.31%), medium (16.03%), and high to very high (3.8%). The analysis of the results revealed that the villages closest to the river’s mouth were more affected by the floods than other villages further downstream. HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS have been shown to have a strong correlation in evaluating flood risks and reliably forecasting future floods in the study area.

This study aims for building a database of the morphometric characteristics of the valley of Koysenjaq basin throughout the analysis of the digital elevation model (DEM), using a range of geographic information systems, such as (Arc GIS v. 10.3), (Global Mapper v.18), as a means of measuring raster, linear and areal elements. They integrate together to produce a large number of variables and morphometric measurements. The study has adopted digital elevation model data accuracy of distinctive accuracy ( 14) meters in addition to a range of maps and satellite images.The basin is located in the southeast southeast of Erbil Governorate and has a small area of about (549.56) km 2 , with a length of (34.26) km and long Perimeter compared with its large area (133.92) km. The basin has characteristics of different morphometric features as a result of the different climate change, geological nature, morphology, and characteristics of the soil, which indicates that the basin is at the beginning of its geomorphological cycle. The quantitative analysis shows that the value of the elongation is (0.68), circulation is (0.38) and the form factor is (0.46). This means that it is rectangular, and irregular in shape, and it obvious from the study of the characteristics of terrain that the value of basin relief is high (28.27) m/km, and passes in the early stage of maturity according to hypsometric integration value. The study shows the characteristics of the drainage network in the basin consists of (433) tributary distributed (6) arranged according to Strahler classification with low-density drainage (1.13) km/km 2 and stream frequency for basin (0.78) stream/km 2 . This indicates that the number of tributaries of water is few compared with the area of the basin, so that the basin was not exposed to floods.The study recommends the use of more geographic information systems in determining the extent of seasonal drainage of the basin valleys in order to control the future flood risk, and good planning of the investment of these valleys in different fields through the construction of dam at the end of the basin for the purpose of harvesting water, and conducting morphometric studies compared to other river basins in Erbil Governorate to understand in detail its morphometric properties.

This study examined the potential of predicting the volume of water erosion using the erosion probability model, which is one of the most widely used methods for assessing soil degradation within drainage basins. This research aimed to determine the surface areas subjected to erosion and the resulting sediment quantities during one year, after demonstrating the impact of various natural conditions on the basin using remote sensing technology, which was represented by modern satellite visuals with the introduction and analysis of these visuals in the context of geographic information systems, as well as the application of a set of mathematical equations.This study shows that locations with high topography are always subjected to torrential waters, resulting in significant erosion, as opposed to plain areas, where erosion is weak or non-existent. The amount of soil lost in the basin ranged from 0.056–6900 m3/km2/year, and also included places with minimal erosion (26.705%) While weak erosion was found in 43.890% of the entire to the basin, moderate erosion was found in 20.929%, severe erosion was found in 5.762% and very severe erosion was found in 2.713% which includes places with steep slopes and no vegetation. The annual average of water erosion in the basin is projected to be 797.434 m3/km2/year, with an annual volume of eroded soil in the basin of around 321129.861 m3/year, necessitating the development of a plan to manage drift and reduce the danger of water erosion in the basin.

The water of the three springs in the village of Tarjla (located in the area of Bartala, eastern Mosul) is characterized by different physical and chemical properties depending on the results of the laboratory tests of (NTU, EC, TDS, TH, PH) and major ions (Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, ) for six selected water samples for the study area. This difference did not remain constant, but changed with the flow of water to the neighboring villages (Sheikh Amir, Shaquli, Karemlesh), where the percentages of physical and chemical concentrations have changed in terms of the increase and decrease of some water samples. This is due to the time factor and the water contact of some of the soils and rocks that encountered their flow as well as exposure to the sun. The purpose of the research is to study the quality of springs water to determine its suitability for different uses. Using the Piper and Stiff classifications, the water quality is calcium-bicarbonate, the calcium ion predominates over the rest of the positive ions and the bicarbonate ion prevails over the rest of the negative ions, this indicates that spring number (1) and spring number (3) are derived from the Fat'ha formation deposits, which contain limestone and gypsum rocks that contain high concentrations of sulphates. The spring number (2) is derived from the Injana formation and modern sediments that is hydraulically connected with each other and can be considered one reservoir. By comparing the results of laboratory tests with the international standards, it was found that the water of spring number (2) is suitable for human use, and that the water of spring’s number (1) and (3) are not suitable for human use because they contain a high proportion of sulfur ions. All water samples are suitable for agricultural and animal use and very good to excellent