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In this work, solar cells were constructed based polymers prepared as n-type and p-type. Eight polymers were prepared from the reaction of P-phenylene-diamine with carbon disulfide and sulfur by polymerization. The IR, XDR, and thermal history of polymers were studied at room temperature, with thicknesses between (0.7-0.6) mm. Also, Hall factor, the mobility for electrons and holes before and after doping were studied. The polymer solar cells (PSC) were manufactured by depositing n-type polymers on Si/p-type substrate. And p-type polymers on the same area of Si/n-type substrate. The aluminium layer was deposition as an ohmic contact on Si by evaporation under the pressure of 3.5×10-6 Torre the upper electrode, copper metal, was deposited on the surface covered with the polymer film. The I-V characteristics were obtained using a light with a power of 100 mW/cm 2. From I-V curves, the value of the filling factor-FF and power conversion efficiency-Ƞ were calculated. Then to improve the efficiency, four n-type polymers were chosen with the highest electrical conductivity. A solution of 99.9% purity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mWCNT) was added by depositing the mixture on a Si/p-type substrate using the spin-coating method. The results of final four cells after improving showed an increasing in the short-circuit current density between J sc =(13.8-19.8) mA/cm 2 , the open-circuit voltage between V oc =(0.345-0.370)V, the FF=(~38%) where the efficiency improved significantly and increased between ŋ =(2.6-4.48)%. The best PSC obtained gave a ŋ =1.07% before improvement, where after adding the carbon nanotube solution, it become about ŋ = 4.48%, that is, an increase of 4.18%. Therefore, the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into the organic conductive polymers can significantly improve the performance of the PSC.

New aromatic polyamides have been prepared through copolymerization of a tetrazo molecule with terephthalic acid. Electrical conductivity measurements of the pure polymers show an enhancement of the electrical conductivity with increasing the azo moieties in the backbone of the polymer. The results can be rationalized by the effect of the dipole moment of the azo group. Doping effect with iodine was also studied. The conductivity of the investigated polymers was increased by many order of magnitude through the doping process. The study proved that the alignment of the dipole moment of the groups along the polymeric chain will give another reason for enhancing the electrical conductivity of the polymers .

In this study the waste tire rubber was converted to carboxylated rubber without needed to reclaimed the rubber. Active carboxylate moieties were incorporated to the rubber chains of the wasted tire directly. Three types of active materials were used for the reaction with the wasted rubber; maleic anhydride, N-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) maleimic acid and N-(3carboxyphenyl) maleimic acid. The reaction was carried out by mixing the materials in closed system. The effect of feed ratio, time and the temperature of the reaction have been studied. It was noticed that increasing the time of reaction or the reaction increase the ratio of the reacted maleic anhydride or maleimic acid with the waste rubber. The optimum conditions for the reaction of maleic anhydride are more difficult than the reaction of maleimic acids. It was seen that period of time needed to get high reaction efficiency of maleic anhydride are 60min, at 220 0 C, while maleimic acids are more efficient in reaction with the waste rubber

Grafting of wastes polypropylene taken from sack with some active functional groups like maleic anhydride, N-phenylmaleamic acid, N(o-chloro-phenyl) maleamic acid, N(2,6diethyphenyl) maleamic acid and N(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl) maleamic acid were accomplished via free radical polymerization. The grafted polymers were examined as an ion exchanger toward Cu +2 , Zn +2 and Cd +2 ions from their aqueous solutions. The initial concentrations of metal ion solution, pH of the extraction medium and treatment time were studied as a factors influence the efficiency of extraction. The r esults were constructed with some isotherm models (Langmuir, Frendlich and Dubiuin-Radushkevish models). The langmuir and Dubini-Radushkevish isotherm are the more suitable models to describe the results than Frendlich model.