Uncertainty surrounds all aspects of organizations' lives. We rarely find studies in the field of organization and management not mentioned the phenomenon of environmental uncertainty. Despite the ubiquity of studies around the topic, there are many incompatibilities and inconsistencies in the definition and application of the concept. In this paper we try to classify the main issues and controversies around the topic and review some of the outstanding studies in this regard. As the ultimate goal of studying uncertainty in organization is to face it in the choice of appropriate strategies, we also have a brief review on the impacts of environmental uncertainty on organizational strategic decisions and managers' actions. Finally, we refer to some of the frameworks and approaches that are mainly presented in the field of strategic management for dealing with uncertainty, and resolving the strategy paradox between uncertainty and commitment to strategies.

Extending the personality of human being to the commercial brands is the subject that researchers have focused on the recent decades. On the other hands Self-congruity is the subject that can have major role in creating brand loyalty. The purpose of this study is to inspect the Effect of Self-congruity on brand loyalty in the mobile industry. We did this by using structural equation modeling (SEM) and PLS software. The main hypothesis of the study was to evaluate the effect of Self-congruity on brand loyalty which deals with the relationship between customer involvement as a mediator variable considered. Research data through 443 questionnaires distributed among Tehran residents between august till October 2014 were collected. Results indicated a significant and Positive relationship between Self-congruity with brand loyalty in the mobile industry. Also, the results indicated the role of the mediation for involvement variable in this relation.

Purpose Firms are working in a complex environment in which the updated information increase the pace of precise decision making and reduce the risk of wrong decisions. Therefore, discovering firms’ performance is a major issue. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of Iranian plastic producing companies by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). It also discovers various drivers that significantly affect the efficiency of enterprises. Design/methodology/approach The authors studied a sample of 17 manufacturing firms to examine the relative efficiency of companies. They, then, evaluated the effects of efficiency drivers and used two methods for these purposes: DEA and bootstrapped Tobit regression model. Findings The study has shown that two manufacturing firms out of selected 17 are efficient under the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes model. Also, nine out of 17 plastic producing companies are productive under the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper model. The results of Tobit regression shows that only two efficiency drivers out of four have a significant positive influence on the efficiency of plastic producing firms. Research limitations/implications Considering one industry and country limits the generalizability of the results provided. Besides, data availability has limited the analysis in some parts, particularly in bootstrapped Tobit regression. Practical implications The authors listed this section into benchmarking and strategical management; more importantly, the suggestions for improving the chemical industry and its future evolution are presented. Originality/value The paper is classified into two issues: the efficiency of plastic producing firms in Iran and evaluating the reason for inefficiency, apart from internal managerial procedures.

Nowadays, the new enterprises are recognized as the main source of job creation, innovation and development. In today's business world, new enterprises are recognized as an important source of job creation, innovation and development. Therefore, identifying influencing factors that play key roles in the start-up of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is critical. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify critical factors for starting-up Small and Medium sized Sport Enterprises (SMSEs) companies whose business is sport and developing a conceptual model that might be used by entrepreneurs in sport business. The methodology was qualitative. Interviews were conducted with 18 individuals, selected through purposive sampling, involved in sport-related SMEs. After a careful investigation of enterprise start-up models in the literature, and based on the results of experts interviews, an integrated approach was indicated as popular models were used by SMEs scholars. Then, a model was proposed in line with integration approach.The conceptual model is based on the integrative approach and shows that three important categories of factors were indicated: Individual; 2.individual factors; Environmental; and 3.environmental factors; and Financial factors.financial factors. It should be mentioned that these factors were constitude of subdimentiones.

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