Background: Antero-superior, Pituitary Gland lies in vicinity of optic chiasm and antero-inferiorly, it is related with posterior wall of sphenoid bone. Pituitary Gland is consisting of three lobes: Anterior, intermediate and posterior and their secretion are regulated by hypothalamus. Aims and Objectives: To identify pituitary adenoma in the patients coming with complain of chronic headache. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred sixty-four patients were included in our study. All the patients with chronic headache with/without decreased vision and visual field defects were included our study. Those patients already diagnosed with any other cause of headache such as uncontrolled blood pressure, tumor or diagnosed case of pituitary adenoma and patient with glaucoma were excluded. Detailed history was taken and ocular examination was done. MRI orbit and brain with contrast was done in all patients. Results: Out of 764 patients, 32 patients were diagnosed as having pituitary adenoma. Macro-adenoma was present in 30 patients and micro-adenoma in 2 patients. On MRI majority of patients had optic chiasm compression with bi-temporal hemianopia. Conclusion: All the patients with chronic headache with/without visual disturbances and visual field defect must be properly examined and investigated as that will help other researchers to diagnose the Pituitary Adenomas.

Objective: To compare visual assessment between phacoemulsification and small incision with 5.2mm non-foldable intraocular lens implant. Study Design: Experiential Study. Setting: Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro, Period: September 2019 to August 2020. Material & Methods: We performed cataract surgeries using the non-foldable intraocular lens in 100 patients. Two techniques were performed, dividing patients equally into Phaco (Group-A) and SI (Group-B) cataract surgery. The outcomes of both were analyzed uncorrected visual acuity and complications. Results: Of the total 50 patients who underwent phacoemulsification, 55% were male and 45% females in Group-A while Group B (SI surgery) were 45% were male and 35% were female. The intra-operative success rate was 90% in Phaco group and 74% in SI group. In comparison, small Incision group had 10% of patients had difficulty in capsulorhexis, 8% in posterior capsular rupture, 6% in zonular dialysis, 2% iridodialysis, and 0% showing nucleus drip with all complications being higher than in Phaco Group except for nucleus drip (2% vs. 0%). Although, post-operatively, individually groups have similar complications with no notable difference seen, yet astigmatism was lesser in Group A than in Group B. Conclusion: Both techniques showed similar outcomes in the uncorrected visual acuity; however, astigmatism and complication rates were lesser in the phacoemulsification study group.

Objective: To evaluate the visual rehabilitation after phacoemulsification with rigid intraocular lens implantation. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2020. Methodology: Ninety-four subjects diagnosed with unilateral cataracts were evaluated completely. Subjects with any other ocular disease were excluded from the study. Pre-operative and post-operative, surgical and visual outcomes along with follow-up of 4 weeks and 12 weeks best-corrected visual acuity, were recorded. Results: The mean age of study participants was 61.77±7.34 years. Post-operative complications were evaluated within one week of surgery. 22(23.4%) subjects showed striate keratopathy, 2(2.1%) indicated bullous keratopathy, and 7(7.4%) reported residual lens matter as a complication. The difference between good visual outcomes was 33(35.1%) within eight weeks (4th week till 12th week); similarly, the difference between satisfactory visual outcomes was 22(23.4%). The visual outcomes improved more than two folds after phacoemulsification with a rigid intraocular lens. Conclusion: The foldable intraocular lens is comparatively expensive and unaffordable for many patients in developing countries. Rigid IOL with phacoemulsification is a cost-effective method to remove cataracts and restore patient visual acuity.Accurate diagnosis, evaluation, and surgeon’s experience are important factors in achieving the required results.

Background: Primary macular hole is a defect in fovea and is a frequent cause of decrease vision and metamorphopsia. Primary macular Hole (PMH) was first time introduced by Johnson and Gass in 1988. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the sub-foveal choroidal thickness in primary macular hole. Materials and Methods: This prospective and controlled study was done at Institute of Ophthalmology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences, Jamshoro for the period one year. Visual acuity was checked with Snellen Chart and ophthalmic examination was done with bio-microscopic slit lamp using 90 diopter (D) lens pre-operatively and post-operatively. Swept Source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) was used to confirm the diagnosis, outcome of PMH surgery, to measure choroidal thickness of both eyes preoperatively and postoperatively at the end 2nd month. Results: From the selected patients, the average ages was 63 year, ranging between 46 to 80 years and from them 45 were females and 26 were males. 41 were right eye and 30 were left eye. PMH characteristics was used for the determination of duration of symptoms and minimum hole diameter, In 63 patients hole was closed and in 8 patients the hole was opened. The average duration of symptom was 5 months and Average minimum diameter was 320 μm and range was 139-650 μm among the patients with closed hole. Conclusion: Sub-foveal CT was thinner in eyes with PMH as compared to fellow normal eye. But it was not related with anatomical results of PMH surgery. The sub-foveal CT reduced thickness is due to longer duration and larger minimum diameter of PMH.