T hrough the Bonn Challenge (www.bonnc halle nge.org) and the multinational New York Declaration on Forests agreement, participating nations have made an unprecedented commitment to restore 350 million ha of degraded land by 2030. However, there remains a huge gap between political rhetoric and the reality of implementing restoration at this scale (Fagan et al. 2020). In bridging this gap, a key role exists for novel policy instruments that encourage private investment in restoration (Brancalion et al. 2017). Unsustainable logging has led to the depletion of timber resources across vast swaths of tropical forests (Cerullo and Edwards 2019). For example, in Indonesia in 2018, of the 56.5 million ha of natural forests officially under production forest licenses, 38.2 million ha were abandoned by the license holder (MOEF 2018). These forests are vulnerable to encroachment (Burivalova et al. 2020) and, because they do not earn government revenue, are often converted to plantations and are specifically excluded from Indonesia's moratorium on deforestation (Sloan et al. 2012). However, selectively logged tropical forests (see nutshell for definition) retain large amounts of carbon (C), support high levels of biodiversity, and provide many other ecosystem services (Berry et al. 2010; Fisher et al. 2011b; Chazdon 2014). Restoring selectively logged tropical forests will therefore be critical if ambitious global restoration and conservation targets are to be achieved (Cerullo and Edwards 2019). Can restoration of selectively logged forests be economically viable? To address this question, we reviewed over a decade's worth of evidence regarding restoration concessions in Indonesia, based on experience among the authors (RDH, TS, AA, and MS) of managing a 98,000 ha restoration concession in Sumatra since 2007, the responses of license holders to a short survey conducted in November 2016, and participation

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RUBBER AGROFORESTS AND RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF NORTH SUMATRA. Birds play a pivotal role in the ecosystem, but in disturbed areas their roles may be limited due to the changes of their natural habitats. This paper studies the birds' habitats in Simalungun and Asahan Districts, North Sumatra. The study was conducted in four habitats: natural forest, rubber agroforests, rubber monoculture plantations and emplacement areas. The birds were observed using descriptive survey methods by implementing a quick biodiversity survey, data were collected along one km transect. The results showed that in total, 142 species of birds from 42 families were observed in the four habitats. Natural forests had the highest diversity of bird species, followed by rubber agroforests, emplacement areas and rubber plantations, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 3.8, 3.6, 3.0 and 2.9, respectively. Regarding the IUCN red list species, 12 bird species of nearthreatened status and 2 species of vulnerable status were recorded. Based on CITES categories, one species was listed in the Appendix I, 12 species were classified in Appendix II and 26 bird species were protected under Indonesian regulations. Changes in the structure and composition of the vegetation in disturbed forests and cleared land determined the richness of the bird species. The different tree compositions in the four habitats of the rubber estate plantations and surrounding areas influenced the number of bird species, bird diversity and species composition.

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