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A new method is presented for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of trace amounts (up to 0.15 ppm) of benzene in crude as well as refined vegetable oils obtained by extraction with food grade hexane (FGH), and in the oil seed cakes left after extraction. The method involves the selection of two solvents; cyclohexanol, for thinning of viscous vegetable oil, and heptane, for azeotroping out trace benzene as a concentrate from the resulting mixture. Benzene is then estimated in the resulting azeotrope either by UV spectroscopy or by GC-MS subject to availability and cost effectiveness of the latter. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method is within 1-3% error. This method is suitable for estimating benzene in vegetable oils and oil seed cakes.

The present study is based on use of activators in the hot potash process. Glycine is commonly used as an activator in the Giammarco Vetrocoke process. This paper presents a systematic study on use of alkanolmonoamines as possible alternate activators. These alkanolmonoamines contain only one amino group that may be unsubstituted/substituted (-NH2, -NRH or -NR2) and thus the acidity of these compounds is one that arises from the only amino group that is there in the molecule. Out of these, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine are previously reported as activators in the literature. This paper reports the experimental studies on such alkanolmonoamines including the new alkanolmonoamine structures also. The proposed amines as activators have shown highly promising results. A 632-700 % increase in rate of absorption, 493 % increase in capacity of absorption of K2CO3 and 313-400 % increase in the CO2 regenerated has been observed for some of these amines. In case of glycine this increase is 134, 214 and 161 %, respectively. A combination of these with diethanolamine increases the rate of absorption considerably. This study is directed towards finding a non-degradable, cheaper, environmentally friendly and more efficient alternative to glycine as activator.

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In order to develop jojoba oil-based extreme pressure (E P} additives, a number of sulphurized jojoba oils have been prepared by varying the reaction conditions. The products differ in their amount of sulphur and in their structure. An attempt to predict their performance based on their structure reveals that it is not a simple addition of sulphur which is required; a certain level of cross linking and polymerization also are desirable to have a product which is effective as an E P additive.For a long time sulphurized vegetable oils (1-14) along with other unsaturated fatty oils have been added to mineral oils to make lubricants that provide antiwear, low friction, increased load carrying ability and improved oxidation resistance. Sulphurized sperm oil was used in many lubricants because it had a combination of properties not matched by other additives. However, a number of substitutes have been prepared {13-18). Ellis, Flaxman and Wells (19-22} pointed out the similarities between jojoba oil and sperm oil and advantages of the products based on jojoba oil. Sulphurization of jojoba oil also has been studied (23-29) for the preparation of E P additives. An attempt has been made in the present study to correlate the structure of the products obtained by sulphurization of jojoba oil under different reaction conditions with their performance as an E P additive. A mechanism for the addition of sulphur also has been proposed. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREIn order to develop jojoba oil-based E P additives, sulphurization of jojoba oil by addition of elemental sulphur has been studied in detail. Total sulphur to be added was divided into four equal portions. Each portion was added at 125 ~ 130 ~ 160 ~ and 180~ followed by stirring for 30 min after every addition. The sulphurized product thus obtained, SJO1, was flushed with air and nitrogen for three hr at 185 +_ 5~ affording SJO2 and SJO 3, respectively. SJO4 was obtained by sulphurizing jojoba oil under nitrogen atmosphere under the above conditions, followed by flushing with nitrogen. Infra-red (IR) spectra of these products were run in CC14 on a Perkin Elmer 399 B spectrometer, while the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded in CDC13 on FX 100 Jeol model. Performance of the products as load carrying or E P additives was studied as per IP-239 and ASTM D-2266. For this purpose, blends having 1% sulphur by weight were made in solvent refined paraffinic base oil.