Imaging abnormalities consistent with NC are frequently noted in persons presenting with a single seizure in neurologic care in NC-endemic countries like India. The probability of diagnosing NC diminishes with increasing numbers of seizures. Among samples of individuals with recurrent-unprovoked seizures, it is rare for imaging to demonstrate lesions of NC.

The results support the use of cling film as a disposable covering for corneal contact A-scan ultrasonography to avoid the risk of spreading CJD from one subject to another.

Microscale temperature and pH sensors, contained within an area of 125 × 750 μm, were fabricated on disposable 3D printed periodontal probe tips (0.5 mm diam) with Marquis color-coded calibration marks using microfabrication and electrochemical methods. The probe tips were inserted in a reusable, wireless handheld electronic system that records the temperature and pH of specific oral sites such as a gingival sulcus. The linear response and precision of each sensor were tested in solutions of varying temperature and pH representing the physiological range of the oral cavity. The temperature and pH sensors showed linear response from 25 to 60°C (±0.1°C) and pH 4.0 to pH 8.0 (±0.1), respectively. A calibration function performed by the system software increased precision between probes tenfold for temperature sensors (deviation range: 0.69 to –0.07°C) and twofold for pH sensors (deviation range: 0.07 to 0.04). Wireless communication along with compatible software provides portability and facilitates chairside use. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and pH along with gingival sulcus depth may detect early signs of inflammation that current methods, such as probing and radiography, may not identify, thus minimizing potential tissue damage caused by periodontal disease.

Our goal is to make electrochemical sensors for measuring oral fluids and tissues to aid in more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of oral diseases. In this work, we developed a sensor platform capable of measuring simultaneously pH and temperature for detecting inflammation at specific sites in the mouth. Miniaturized, planar pH sensing and reference electrodes were combined on a flexible polymer platform along with a platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD) using a combination of microfabrication and electrodeposition techniques. The resistance of the platinum RTD was linear between 20 and 60 °C, with a precision of ±0.1 °C. The pH response and reproducibility of sputtered iridium oxide (IrOx) was compared with those of electrochemically deposited IrOx. The voltage of the pH sensor was measured in solutions of varying pH, chloride concentration, and temperature mimicking the oral environment. At room temperature, sputtered IrOx sensors exhibited a linear response (-47 to -55 mV/pH) for pH 2-10 whereas electrodeposited IrOx was linear (-72 to -82 mV/pH) over pH 4-8, which is within the range expected in the oral cavity. The sensitivity of the sputtered IrOx was more reproducible between individual sensors than electrochemically deposited IrOx; however, sputtered IrOx electrodes were more difficult to fabricate and had a lower sensitivity to pH. Voltage stabilized (within 1-2 mV) in 10-120 s and reached 90 % of this stable value within 5 s at each pH value. The electrodeposited Ag/AgCl reference responded linearly to [Cl-] as well asvaried by <2 mV over pH 4-8. Repetitions of reproducible sensors at one pH were ≈0.1 pH unit. Preliminary measurements indicated that pH sensitivity of the IrOx sensors was ≈0.1 mV/pH/°C, producing an apparent change of ≈0.2 pH between room temperature (21 °C) and the mouth (35 °C); therefore, the voltage will need to be calibrated based on temperature.

Transtibial prosthetic devices or below-knee prosthetic devices are used as assistive devices in replacing the part of the leg below the knee joint in case of amputation. The different builds in amputees require the need for the accessibility to custom-made lucrative prosthetic devices in order to reintegrate the amputees into society. The goal of this study is to design a personalized transtibial prosthetic device that closely mimics the human gait by the use of topology optimization. Additive manufacturing is used to reduce the fabrication time of a traditional transtibial prosthetic device. The creation of the transtibial prosthetic device model is through computer-aided drawing (CAD) and afterwards simulated using ANSYS for the comparison and contrasting of the optimized design. The materials used in the design of the transtibial prosthetic device are polypropylene and titanium alloy. Simulation works reveal that there is a 12.8% reduction in the minimum equivalent (von-Mises) stress and a 51.29% reduction in the minimum equivalent elastic strain of the benchmark socket, and titanium alloy is the superior material in the fabrication of prosthetic foot as it greatly reduced the total deformation, equivalent (von-Mises) stress and equivalent elastic strain of the SACH foot as compared to polypropylene in the initial contact, midstance and the push-off phases of the gait cycle. Topology optimization of both the socket and foot models reduced the stiffness and density of material volume up to 60%. Voronoi pattern developed on the socket and foot models mirrors the reduction done on material volume by topology optimization.