Growing demands for green and sustainable processing that eliminates the utilization of toxic chemicals and increases efficiency has encouraged the application of novel extraction technologies for the food industry. This review discusses the principles and potential application of several green technology for gelatin extraction. Several novel technologies and their processing efficiency are discussed in this review. Furthermore, factors that affect the quality of the gelatin produced from different sources are also highlighted. The potential application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction, high-pressure processing, and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to improve gelatin extraction are addressed. These technologies have the potential to become an efficient extraction method compared to the conventional extraction technologies. Several combinations of green and conventional technologies have been reported to yield promising results. These combinations, especially using conventional pre-treatment and green technologies for extraction, have been found to be more effective in producing gelatin. Since gelatin could be produced from various sources, it exhibits different characteristics; thus, different approaches and extraction method should be identified for specific types of gelatin. Although these technologies have limitations, such as overhydration and sophisticated systems explicitly designed for large-scale production, they are nonetheless more efficient in the long run to safeguard the environment as they reduce solvent usage and carbon footprint along the way.

Cocoa shell is underexploited and is considered as waste. However, roasting cocoa is a fundamental step in producing cocoa products. Composition of the cocoa shell depends on the origin whereas cocoa processing involves fermentation, drying and roasting. However, scarce research has been conducted to analyze the composition of Malaysian cocoa shells at different roasting temperatures. Therefore, this research aims to determine the effect of different roasting temperatures (110, 120, 130, 140 and 150°C) on the proximate composition, colour and antioxidant activity of cocoa shell. Changes in antioxidant activity and polyphenol content were recorded. Fiber and moisture content were significantly (p<0.05) higher in unroasted cocoa shell. However, the protein was found to decrease significantly (p<0.05) after roasting at 150°C (10.93%). Fat content was found higher in roasted cocoa shell at 150°C (6.82%) compared to the unroasted cocoa shell (6.09%). The colour (L value) recorded significantly (p<0.05). the highest for unroasted cocoa shell (51.28) and the lowest at 150°C (47.93), DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of cocoa shell was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 0% ethanol concentration compared to other ethanol concentrations (20, 50, 80 and 100%). The roasted cocoa shell may be considered as a source of natural antioxidants for functional food development and intermediate food ingredient.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan and beeswax as edible coatings on the shelf-life of sapodilla (Achras zapota). The coating formulations used were chitosan only (C), chitosan with 10% beeswax (C + 10B) and chitosan with 20% beeswax (C + 20B). Sapodilla without any coating (WC) was used as a control. The coating formulations, C + 10B and C + 20B had shown to be the best in reducing the senescence of sapodilla as they slowed down the weight loss and breakdown of soluble solids in the fruit, while retaining the firmness and skin colour. Microbial populations of C + 10B and C + 20B were also below permissible microbial food limit (5 log CFU g−1) over the period of 17 days if compared to WC and C, which exceeded the limit. However, C + 10B started to shrivel towards the end of storage. In conclusion, C + 20B showed the best edible coating formulation in extending the shelf-life of sapodilla.

The butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) (BPF) has a high anthocyanin content, which can be incorporated into polymer-based films to produce intelligent packaging for real-time food freshness indicators. The objective of this work was to systematically review the polymer characteristics used as BPF extract carriers and their application on various food products as intelligent packaging systems. This systematic review was developed based on scientific reports accessible on the databases provided by PSAS, UPM, and Google Scholar between 2010 and 2023. It covers the morphology, anthocyanin extraction, and applications of anthocyanin-rich colourants from butterfly pea flower (BPF) and as pH indicators in intelligent packaging systems. Probe ultrasonication extraction was successfully employed to extract a higher yield, which showed a 246.48% better extraction of anthocyanins from BPFs for food applications. In comparison to anthocyanins from other natural sources, BPFs have a major benefit in food packaging due to their unique colour spectrum throughout a wide range of pH values. Several studies reported that the immobilisation of BPF in different polymeric film matrixes could affect their physicochemical properties, but they could still effectively monitor the quality of perishable food in real-time. In conclusion, the development of intelligent films employing BPF’s anthocyanins is a potential strategy for the future of food packaging systems.

Fish and fish products contain important source of nutrient that provides benefits upon consumption. The increasing demand and high utilization of fish have caused a market shift in the fishery industry. Although fish is nutritious, some consumers do not prefer to consume fish in its original form because of its fishy taste, fishy odour and it is highly perishable. To further promote the consumption of fish, the production of fish products and frying are applied to suit consumers’ preferences. Frying is commonly used in various food premises as it changes the characteristics of the fish and fish products, especially the taste and texture. However, the increase in awareness has changed the perception of the consumer as they prefer healthier food in their lifestyle. Despite the increase in awareness, some consumers still prefer fried foods and food products due to their unique sensory properties and texture. To understand the effects of frying on foods, several parameters during frying are studied. Frying temperature, frying cycle, frying time, frying techniques and frying oils used are parameters that could affect the physicochemical and sensory attributes of the fish and fish products. Repetitive frying could cause the formation of toxins and alter the fatty acid content in the fish, fish products and frying oils. This changes the taste and alters the composition of the foods. Meanwhile, different frying times, oil and techniques cause significant changes to the chemical composition, sensory attributes, lipid oxidation, fat content, oil absorption and fatty acid profiles of the fish and fish product. This review aimed to gather information specifically on the changes in fish and fish products upon frying at different frying cycles, time, temperature, oils, and techniques.