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TCP/IP has become an undeniable leader in the areas of Information Technology. It is a well-established fact that data transfer between devices occur by the rules defined by the TCP/IP protocol. Each layer of TCP/IP model generally has more than one protocol for carrying out the functions that the layer complies to. TCP/IP model is used widely and it is essential to understand how different protocols work to provide different functionalities. In this article, through the deep consideration of TCP/IP protocol the understanding of the protocols at five layers of TCP/IP is specified.

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Age is one of the essential factors which play an important role in every aspect of life. Importance of age determination is related to many fields including treatment planning and drug delivery in pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, forensic sciences, and also in individuals who provide inaccurate details of age as in cases of illegal immigrants and in the corpse of unknown identity. The age estimation methods at different stages of life consist of a physical examination, radiographic examination of the hand bones and cervical vertebrae, and dental examination using two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging. The different dental age estimation methods used are morphological, biochemical, and radiological methods. These methods have inborn advantages and disadvantages. Other than dental age, skeletal age has also been used to determine a child's development as skeletal maturity is closely related to the craniofacial growth. Correlation of the dental and skeletal ages with the chronological age of children helps clinicians to estimate the growth left in the child and the possible treatment that can be carried out utilizing it. This article critically reviews various dental and skeletal aspects of age estimation from infancy to adulthood with its scope and limitation.