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Effective networking over wireless media has become extremely essential today as communication between massive Internet of things (IoT) devices is on an increase, thereby leading to a limited spectrum resource for utilisation. Specifically, for healthcare infrastructure in a remote or critical situation, providing uninterrupted communication between the macro base station and IoT devices or user nodes is imperative. However, owing to their limited spectral capacity, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-based networks can provide an efficient solution and utilise both licensed and unlicensed bands for communication among users or devices. In this paper, our focus is on cache-enabled cognitive networking for secondary users (SUs) that accredits precise communication delivery for critical healthcare systems that are performed by the cognitive UAV (CUAV). In addition, we develop a caching strategy wherein a CUAV is capable of caching relevant information from high-power (HP) and moderate-power (MP) devices in its local and cloud storage by applying a non-orthogonal multiple-access method. In the downlink scenario, the CUAV proactively transmits the requested HP and MP information to the designated SUs considering this entire model over two states, namely effectual state and interference state, which we can realise by any presence or absence of interference. To maximise this system's energy efficiency, we formulate an optimisation problem to minimise the transmission power and satisfy the target performance in terms of throughput for SUs. We solve the optimisation issue using the Lagrangian approach and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. In all simulations, the energy efficiency during the effectual state renders an average performance of approximately 400% better than that of the interference state.INDEX TERMS Caching, cognitive radio network, energy efficiency, human bond communication, nonorthogonal multiple access, optimisation, throughput, unmanned aerial vehicle. I. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATIONSome of the key objectives of the potential universal communication environment are to enhance the standard of living by increasing convenience and enriching the experiences and circumstances of our daily activities. To realise this, several major technological advancements have centred on improving human interactions. The conventional approach to communication technology has always been to improve the information or signal so that the communication entities can manage them with the utmost efficiency. The limitation is that there is no transfer of information by such communication systems directly to the users' awareness that will allow for a more integrative sharing of sensory data. In relation to this, several articles have introduced the concept of human bond communication (HBC) to understand this dynamic growth

It has become very essential to address the limited spectrum capacity and their efficient utilization to support the increasing number of Internet of Things devices. When it comes to medical infrastructure, it becomes very imperative for medical devices to communicate with the base station. In such situations, communication over the wireless medium must provide optimized throughput (data rate) with effectual energy usage, which will ensure precise medical feedback by the responsible staff. Taking into account, it is necessary to operate wireless communication precisely at a higher frequency with more substantial bandwidth and low latency. Cognitive Radio (CR) is traditionally a viable choice, where it identifies and utilizes the vacant spectrum, thus maximizing the primary user's capacity and achieving spectral efficiency. To ensure such outcomes, the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques have proven to deliver an effective solution to the increasing number of devices with unimpaired performance, especially when the communication shifts towards a higher frequency band such as the mmWave band. In this chapter, IoT based CR network in uplink communication is proposed alongside employing NOMA techniques for optimal throughput, and energy efficiency for a medical infrastructure. Numerical results show that effectual throughput and energy efficiency for a High Reliable Communication (HRC) device and Moderate Reliable Communication (MRC) device improve over 83.13% and 73.95%, respectively and their corresponding energy efficacy values show vast improvement (83.11% and 73.96% respectively). Likewise, for interference case both the throughput and the energy efficiency improve approximately over 93% for all devices. physiological data. Thus, alerting the person to take necessary precautions and assist the medical professionals to make sound decisions regarding the appropriate treatment to cure diseases in the right time [3 -5].Due to the huge prospects of WBAN bringing revolutionary changes in telemedicine systems with real deployment of IoT, some different wireless standards have been proposed. IEEE wireless standard 802.15 defined as wireless personal area network (WPAN) is considered as suitable technology to fulfill the purpose of e-health systems [4]. IEEE 802.15 standard has several versions such as 802.15.1 and 802.15.4. These are commonly known as Bluetooth and ZigBee respectively, which are widely used as low power consumed, short ranged and low data transfer enabled wireless technology for infotainment and health care services [6]. Later on, IEEE originated 802.15.6 named as WBAN particularly developed for telemedicine systems with improvement in data reliability, sensor life time, latency and interference [7].In the near future, a large number of sensors will be deployed on the body of the patients through WBANs to manage healthcare services remotely and provide intuitive decisions of medical professionals more dynamically. Therefore, handling big amounts of situationalawareness data in healthcare se...

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