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Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is one of the important multipurpose tree species. Today, neem is receiving worldwide recognition for its variety of bioactive principle components. Neem, being an important part of our biological heritage and is also recognised as one of nature's gift to mankind. This review aims to perform a literature review of the main scientific methods used to obtain clones of Azadirachta indica, such as the processes of vegetative (macro) propagation and present perspectives and future trends for the application of new cloning techniques aiming for large scale for plant production. The literature describes methods (dip treatment), types of plant growth regulator (IBA, NAA & IAA), types of stem cuttings (hard wood, semi hard wood, soft wood, leafy & mini cuttings) and planted in rooting media (sand, soil, vermiculite & sand+soil+FYM) during different season (monsoon, winter & summer). The improvement aiming the disseminating such techniques can minimize costs, shorten production stages and consequently, reduce the cultivation time in the laboratory.

In vitro adventitious roots were induced from Valeriana jatamansi to assess their quality as an alternative ingredient for extraction of secondary metabolites to meet the demand of phytopharmaceutical industries. A signi cantly (p ≤ 0.05) high root induction (90 %) was achieved on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium forti ed with 9.84 µM indole-3-butyric acid. A maximum root biomass (144.09 ± 11.36 g/L) with high relative growth rate (2.01 ± 0.04) and growth index (13.41) was achieved in submerged cultivation. The total valerenic acid derivatives (1525.14 µg/g DW) and acetoxy valerenic acid (534.91µg/g DW) were signi cantly high in induced adventitious roots, with notable quantity of hydroxyl valerenic acid (919.57 µg/g DW) that otherwise not quanti able in parent plant parts. In addition, 0.059% essential oil yield consisting of 24.00% patchouli alcohol was also obtained from induced adventitious roots. The phenolic acid derivatives were also signi cantly higher in adventitious roots (451.58 µg/g DW) as compared to rhizome (187.79 µg/g DW) and leaves (263.68 µg/g DW) of the parent plant. Notably, a substantial increase in phytochemicals was evident at subsequent culture stages with signi cantly reduced in vitro cultivation cycle (2 months) as compared to eld grown plants (24 months). Conclusively, a comparable metabolic pro le of in vitro induced V. jatamansi adventitious roots and considerably shorter growth cycle clearly determines its potential as a feasible source of phytoconstituents.

Azadirachta indica is an evergreen woody plant of Meliaceae family, native to Indian subcontinent and distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. For efficient multiplication and conservation of the genetic resources of neem, the effect auxin, their different concentration in different rooting media on adventitious root formation (ARF) in semi-hard wood cuttings of Azadirachta indica was studied. Three different rooting media (sand, vermiculite and soil) were used and the experiment was established using three types of auxin (IBA, IAA and NAA) and 6 concentration (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1), in a complete randomized block design (CRBD). Significant effects of auxin, their concentration and rooting media on adventitious root formation of neem semi hard wood cuttings were observed. Semi hard wood cuttings were assessed for rooting percentage, number of sprouts, number of roots, root length and number of leaves. Data revealed that there was significant effect (p < 0.05) of auxin-vermiculite on rooting percentage, number of sprouts, number of root, length of root and number of leaves. The data showed that a maximum of 65% rooting with 3.00 numbers of sprout, 32.38 number of roots with 5.77 cm root length and 4.92 numbers of leaves was obtained, when these cuttings were treated with 500 ppm IBA. The determination of proper rooting protocols and the use of semi hard wood cuttings were proved important for multiplication of A. indica. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized in poly house and agro shade house. These plants showed a good survival rate of 80% under field conditions.