No abstract

In a warming world, urban environmental stresses are exacerbated by population-increase-induced development of grey infrastructure that usually leaves minimal scope for blue (and green) elements and processes, potentially resulting in mismanagement of stormwater and flooding issues. This paper explores how urban growth planning in the megacity of Dhaka, Bangladesh can be guided by a blue-green infrastructure (BGI) network that combines blue, green, and grey elements together to provide a multifunctional urban form. We take a three-step approach: First, we analyze the existing spatial morphology to understand potential locations of development and challenges, as well as the types of solutions necessary for water management in different typologies of urban densities. Next, we analyze existing and potential blue and green network locations. Finally, we propose the structural framework for a BGI network at both macro and micro scales. The proposed network takes different forms at different scales and locations and offers different types of flood control and stormwater management options. These can provide directions on Dhaka's future urban consolidation and expansion with a balance of man-made and natural elements and enable environmental, social, spatial, financial, and governance benefits. The paper concludes with some practical implications and challenges for implementing BGI in Dhaka. but in reality, the city-scale imposes immense pressure on ecology and infrastructure with added complications such as fragmented societies, higher inequality, and rising informality [4,5]. Megacities, characterized by numerous decision-making authorities, often struggle to achieve collaboration in solving urban sprawl, land use conversion, and water management problems [6].The rapid process of urbanization in megacities is causing environmental, economic, and social problems. Development has been accompanied by negative consequences for many river systems, including changes in their hydrology and ecology. In recent decades, the increasing frequency of disaster events-including hydro-meteorological disasters-has threatened human lives and infrastructure. One of the most common water-related disasters frequently affecting urban social life, particularly in Asian regions, is flooding [7,8]. Specifically, cities are experiencing pluvial flooding due to increased urbanization and climate change [9][10][11]. Sources of water bodies capable of capturing a significant volume of floodwater are slowly disappearing as the volume of impervious surfaces rapidly escalates. As a result, urban areas are experiencing increasing high pick flow and stormwater runoff incidents that have noticeable adverse effects on social and economic lives [10,12]. Simultaneously, the remaining receiving water bodies have been polluted by mixed stormwater and wastewater, degrading their water quality.In order to address escalating events of environmental dilapidation, resource susceptibilities, booming urban population, and other uncertain impacts from climate chang...

Rapid urban growth processes give rise to impervious surfaces and are regarded as the primary cause of urban flooding or waterlogging in urban areas. The high rate of urbanization has caused waterlogging and urban flooding in many parts of Dhaka city. Therefore, the study is undertaken to quantify the changes in land use/land cover (LULC) and urban runoff extent based on the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Curve Number (CN) during 1978–2018. The five-decadal LULC has been analyzed using three-generation Landsat time-series data considering six different classes, namely agriculture, built-up, wetland, open land, green spaces, and water bodies for the years 1978, 1988, 1998, 2007, and 2018. Significant changes in LULC for the study area from 1978–2018 are observed as 13.1%, 4.8%, and 7.8% reduction in agricultural land, green spaces, and water bodies, respectively, and a 22.1% increase in the built-up area is estimated. Within Dhaka city, 14.6%, 16.0%, and 12.3% reduction in agricultural land, green spaces, and water bodies, respectively, and a radical increase of 41.9% in built-up area are reckoned. The decadal runoff assessment has been carried out using the NRCS-CN method, considering an extreme rainfall event of 341 mm/day (13 September 2004). The catchment area under very high runoff category is observed as 159.5 km2 (1978) and 318.3 km2 (2018), whereas, for Dhaka city, the setting is dynamic as the area under the very high runoff category has increased from 74.24 km2 (24.44%) to 174.23 km2 (57.36%) in years 1978 and 2018, respectively, and, mostly, the very high runoff potential areas correspond to the dense built-up surfaces.

There is growing interest in "more-than-human" influences on places and practices. However, while the theoretical thinking in this field is well developed, methodology and methods lag behind. Borrowing insights from feminist geographers' articulation of "response", we explore how participatory photography can be used to examine more-than-human processes through a case study of marginal homemaking in Khulna city in Bangladesh. Our photo-response method focuses on performances of seeing, telling and being together to enhance the co-production of "knowledges". We conclude that analysing three stages of "response" within participatory photography provides new insights for conducting research in, with and as more-than-human worlds. K E Y W O R D SBangladesh, home, more-than-human, participatory photography, photo-response, visual method | INTRODUCTIONThere is growing interdisciplinary interest in "more-than-human" scholarship, recognising the contribution of non-human agencies in shaping places and practices (Bawaka Country et al., 2013, 2015. However, while theoretical thinking in this field is well developed, methodology and methods lag behind (Lorimer, 2010, p. 238). In order to better appreciate morethan-human lived interactions, there is an urgency "to supplement the familiar . . . humanist methods that rely on generating talk and text with experimental practices" (Whatmore, 2006, p. 607). Donna Haraway (1988) is one of the earliest proponents calling for a mode of response that helps "situate" the human knower in relation to more-than-human "others". Situated response can "amplify other sensory, bodily and affective registers" (Whatmore, 2006, p. 606) in attending to what is in excess of human and highlight the agencies of those "left outs" that co-constitute places and practices (Whatmore, 2002, p. 126).In this paper, we take up this challenge of situating response to explore the "more-than-human" theme in geographic research using visual methods. Feminist scholars have long been exploring how images can disrupt the dominant (often masculine) gaze and take part in the discursive production of geographical knowledge (Rose, 1996). Images allow for those being researched to explore and express emotional responses to and contemplations of the immediate environment, expanding the scope of exploration. Participatory photography is recognised as a particularly useful visual method for engaging marginalised communities with a means "to present their place and view of the world" (Lombard, 2013, p. 23). Borrowing insights from feminist and cultural geographers' notion of "response" (Bawaka Country et al., 2013;Haraway, 1988Haraway, , 2003, we explore the opportunities of participatory photography for witnessing and evoking human-nature interactions in a marginalised setting in Bangladesh. We use the term "photo-response" to describe the method developed to focus on the more-than-human dimensions of home and homemaking practices. We propose three moments of response: response to the camera; response to the images caught...