An experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 to quantify the light interception and radiation use efficiency for three wheat varieties as affected by variable number of irrigations with the combination of three wheat varieties viz., HUW-234, HD-2285 and PBW-154. The light interception increased successively till 90 days after sowing (DAS) and thereafter a gradual decrease was observed till maturity of the crop. Four irrigations given at CRI, late tillering, late jointing and ear head formation stages showed highest radiation interception followed by three and two irrigations, however, the lowest radiation interception was observed for wheat crop receiving one irrigation only. On an average, 19.08 % and 12.79 % increase in radiation interception was found for wheat crop irrigated four and three times respectively as compared to singly irrigated crop. Highest radiation interception was recorded with HUW 234 followed by HD 2285 at all the growth stages except 15, 30, 45 DAS. More light interception reflected in significantly superior yield and yield attributes in the order of I4>I3>I2>I1. Subsequently, radiation useefficiency (RUE) also followed the similar trend showing highest and lowest RUE with four and one irrigation respectively. Among the different varieties, HUW-234 recorded highest radiation use efficiency followed by HD-2285. The average RUE during the entire growing period for HUW-234 and HD-2285 was found to be 1.68 g MJ-1 and 1.63 g MJ-1 respectively, which was 4.83 and 1.95 % higher than PBW-154.

Several adverse effects are related to medications that treat moderate to severe inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Targeted drug administration is necessary to treat inflammatory bowel disease to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. This study investigated the prodrug approach for antibacterials that target the colon. We chose sulfonamide (Sulfamethoxazole) as an antibiotic to target the colon. The prodrug approach is one of the most effective treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and this mutual azo prodrug might serve the same function. This investigation aims to synthesize mutual azo prodrugs (S1-S5) and evaluate the colon-targeted release (in-vitro and in-vivo release studies). The objective of synthesizing mutual azo prodrugs (S1- S5) is that due to the high molecular weight of synthesized prodrugs (>500), they will enter the colon intact and not be absorbed in the upper GIT (Lipinski rule of 5). A coupling reaction between the sulfamethoxazole diazonium salt and salicylic acid derivatives allowed for synthesizing of mutual azo prodrugs (S1-S5). By monitoring the chemical reactions, the purity of the synthesized prodrugs was assessed, and by using FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and Elemental Analysis, the structures of newly synthesized mutual azo prodrugs (S1-S5) were analyzed. Studies on the in-vitro stability of synthesized prodrugs showed less release after 6 hours in HCl buffer (pH 1.2), and only 10% release after 6 hours in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) was observed. The sensitivity of the synthesized azo prodrug to the bacterial enzyme azoreductase was shown by incubating the azo prodrugs with the cecal contents of a rat; the release results showed that the release of free drugs from the azo prodrugs was more than 80%. Using trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rats model, the in-vivo study was evaluated, and results revealed that mutually synthesized azo prodrugs are effective as 5-aminosalicylic acid in ulcerative colitis. Based on the release studies results, it is concluded that the azo prodrugs are a potential therapeutic target for ulcerative colitis.

Textile industries are among the most polluting and demand urgent management measures to mitigate their negative environmental impact. Thus, it is imperative to incorporate the textile industry into the circular economy and to foster sustainable practices. This study aims to establish a comprehensive, compliant decision framework to analyse risk mitigation strategies for circular supply chain (CSC) adoption in India’s textile industries. The Situations Actors Processes and Learnings Actions Performances (SAP–LAP) technique analyses the problem. However, interpreting the interacting associations between the SAP–LAP model-based variables is somewhat lacking in this procedure, which might skew the decision-making process. As a result, in this study, the SAP–LAP method is accompanied by a novel ranking technique, namely, the Interpretive Ranking Process (IRP), which reduces decision-making issues in the SAP–LAP method and aids in evaluating the model by determining the ranks of variables; furthermore, the study also offers causal relationships among the various risks and risk factors and various identified risk-mitigation actions by constructing Bayesian Networks (BN) based on conditional probabilities. The study’s originality represents the findings using an instinctive and interpretative choice approach to address significant concerns in risk perception and mitigation techniques for CSC adoption in the Indian textile industries. The suggested SAP–LAP and the IRP-based model would assist firms in addressing risk mitigation techniques for CSC adoption concerns by providing a hierarchy of the various risks and mitigation strategies to cope with. The simultaneously proposed BN model will help visualise the conditional dependency of risks and factors with proposed mitigating actions.

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