The reassessment of the literature stipulates that an increasing amount of research in exploring the Hydroxyapatite Carbon Nanotubes (HA-CNT) system for orthopedic application. Chemical precipitation, CNT functionalization, and spray drying are the routinely used methods for CNT dispersal in HA matrix for the application such as bone tissue engineering, nanostructured scaffolds, dental regeneration, myocardial regeneration, and skin regeneration. Although mechanical strength and biocompatibility is a substantial concern for the fabrication of structures. Developing composite and bioceramic scaffolding with different natural and synthetic biomaterials are the futuristic approach in the biomedical engineering field. The problems such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical resistance can be solved by combining natural, and artificial biomaterials. The natural biomaterials, such as collagen, cellulose, chitosan, have a close resemblance to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). These materials are biocompatible, biodegradable. The artificial biomaterials, such as Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP), Poly Capro Lactone (PCL), Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG), and Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) are also the material of choice for the fabrication of the composite materials. Additional effort is necessary to fabricate biocompatible composite scaffolding for tissue engineering. Moreover, vascularization, differentiation, cellular proliferation, and cells to scaffold interaction are the foremost challenges in the area of tissue engineering that remains to overcome.

Leptospirosis is a febrile illness caused by the Leptospira, which is a highly motile, spirochete threadlike thin rod bacteria having a hook-like structure on both ends. This causes nearly 58990 deaths worldwide every year. They are most commonly found in rodents and can be transferred by cuts and abrasions in the body, mucous membranes or conjunctivae, or aerosol inhalation of microscopic droplets. Entry in the body lead to entry in blood circulation, different organs will be targeted. This review article explains current methodologies for the detection of Leptospira and the need for an early diagnostic tool. Leptospirosis can be treated if diagnosed in the early stage of infection. This review article consists of current methodologies used for the detection of Leptospira, the advantages and disadvantages of the methods used. Moreover, the need for an early diagnostic tool for the exposure of Leptospirosis in the acute phase is given importance. Even though the gold standard method MAT is used for confirmatory, culture preservation and other things are hectic, laborious. Currently, the molecular techniques used for the early detection of Leptospira needs experienced personnel and sophisticated instrument for the performance which is quite challenging to be found in the rural or undeveloped places. The need for sciences to come together is mentioned, where the innovative collaboration of physical sciences like Nanotechnology meets Microbiology which will lead to the innovation of some highly specific tools for the detection of diseases. The review article contains the useful methodology for the cultivation and detection by the conventional method, which will bring out innovation by modifications or by generating ideas that can be used for the diagnosis.